Introduction to Internet
Lecture 1
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IP Network Addressing
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INTERNET  world’s largest public data
network, doubling in size every nine months
IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232
(4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses available
The first problem is concerned with the
eventual depletion of the IP address space.
Traditional model of classful addressing does
not allow the address space to be used to its
maximum potential.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Classful Addressing
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When IP was first standardized in Sep 1981,
each system attached to the IP based Internet
had to be assigned a unique 32-bit address
The 32-bit IP addressing scheme involves a
two level addressing hierarchy
Network Number/Prefix Host Number
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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What is Internet Protocol?
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Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules
that defines how computers communicate
over a network.
Currently, There are two versions of IP
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IP version 4 (IPv4)
IP version 6 (IPv6).
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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What is IPv4?
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IPv4 was the first version of Internet
Protocol to be widely used, and accounts
for most of today’s Internet traffic.
There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses.
While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is not
enough to last forever.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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What is IPv6?
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IPv6 is a newer numbering system that
provides a much larger address pool than
IPv4. It was deployed in 1999 and should
meet the world’s IP addressing needs well
into the future.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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What is the major difference?
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The major difference between IPv4 and
IPv6 is the number of IP addresses.
There are 4,294,967,296 IPv4 addresses.
while, there are
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431
,768,211,456 IPv6 addresses.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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What is the major difference?
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The technical functioning of the Internet
remains the same with both versions and it
is likely that both versions will continue to
operate simultaneously on networks well
into the future.
In the current time, networks that use IPv6
support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in
their networks.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Features of IPv6
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Larger Address Space
Aggregation-based address
hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
Security (IPsec mandatory)
Mobility
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128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
Leading zeros can be removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
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IPv4 vs. IPv6
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IPv4 companion protocols (1)
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ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
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ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
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Mapping from IP address to MAC address
Error reporting & Query
IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol
 Multicast member join/leave
Unicast Routing Protocols (Intra-AS)
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Maintaining Unicast Routing Table
E.g. RIP, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
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IPv4 companion protocols (2)
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Multicast Routing Protocols
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Exterior Routing Protocols (Inter-AS)
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Maintaining Multicast Routing Table
E.g. DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM
E.g. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Quality-of-Service Frameworks
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Integrated Service (ISA, IntServ)
Differentiated Service (DiffServ)
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Why IPv6?
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Deficiency of IPv4
Address space exhaustion
New types of service  Integration
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Multicast
Quality of Service
Security
Mobility (MIPv6)
Header and format limitations
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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
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Larger address space
Better header format
New options
Allowance for extension
Support for resource allocation
Support for more security
Support for mobility
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4
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Larger address space
Better header format
New options
Allowance for extension
Support for resource allocation
Support for more security
Support for mobility
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (1)
Feature
Source and
destination address
IPSec
Payload ID for QoS in
the header
Fragmentation
Header checksum
Resolve IP address to
a link layer address
IPv4
IPv6
32 bits
128 bits
Optional
required
No identification
Using Flow label field
Both router and the
sending hosts
Only supported at the
sending hosts
included
Not included
broadcast ARP
request
Multicast Neighbor
Solicitation message
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Advantages of IPv6 over IPv4 (2)
Feature
IPv4
IPv6
Determine the
address of the best
default gateway
ICMP Router
Discovery(optional)
ICMPv6 Router
Solicitation and
Router Advertisement
(required)
Send traffic to all
nodes on a subnet
Broadcast
Link-local scope allnodes multicast
address
Configure address
Manually or DHCP
Autoconfiguration
(IGMP)
Multicast Listener
Discovery (MLD)
Manage local subnet
group membership
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The difference between Internet and internet:
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The Internet, with a capital "I," is a network of
computers spanning the globe. It is also called the World
Wide Web, it refers to the network that began its life as
the ARPAnet and continues today as, roughly, the
confederation of all TCP/IP networks directly or indirectly
connected to commercial U.S. backbones..
A lowercase internet, on the other hand, is simply any
network made up of multiple smaller networks using the
same internetworking protocols. An internet (little "i") isn't
necessarily connected to the Internet (big "I"), nor does it
necessarily use TCP/IP as its internetworking protocol.
There are isolated corporate internets, for example.
An intranet is the use of technologies developed and
introduced on the Internet on a company's internal
corporate network.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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The History of Internet
1970 - Advanced Research Agency Network (ARPANET)
hosts started to use Network Control Protocol (NCP).
1972 - The first Telnet specification, “Ad hoc Telnet
Protocol” was submitted as RFC 318 (RFC-Request for
Comments).
1973 - RFC-454, “File Transfer Protocol”, was introduced.
1974 - The Transmission Control Program (TCP) was
specified in detail.
1981 - The IP (Internet Protocol) standard was published
in RFC 791. (*)
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The History of Internet
1982 - Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet
Protocol (IP) as the TCP/IP protocol suite.
1983 - ARPANET switched from NCP to TCP/IP.
1984 - Domain Name System (DNS) was
introduced.
1986 - The U.S. National Science Foundation
(NSF) initiated the development of the
NSFnet, which even now provides a major
backbone communication service for the
Internet
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The History of Internet
1989 - The web was initially conceived and created by Tim
Berners-Lee, a computer specialist from the European
Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN) in 1989. He and his
partner Robert Cailliau created a prototype web for
CERN and released it to the Internet community for
testing and comments.
1991 - NSF dropped its funding of the Internet and lifted
the ban on commercial traffic on its backbone. (***)
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The History of Internet
Note: You should recognize that an IP address is, in fact,
an Internet protocol address.
* The survey says that 4,294,967,296 possible IP
addresses are available on the Internet.
**Today, the NSFnet backbone carries over 12 billion
packets of information per month.
***
Up until 1991, all NSF traffic came from
government and educational institutions
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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The History of Internet
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The
most
important
technological
development in the history of the web, besides
the creation of the web itself, was the
development of graphical browsers in the early
90s. Beginning with NCSA's Mosaic and its
evolution into Netscape's Navigator and
Microsoft's Internet Explorer, these programs
allowed users to browse the resources on the
web
in
an
extremely
user
friendly
environment.
This made the web a "fun" place and marked
the beginning of the true web revolution.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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The History of Internet
After 1991,
 Commercial enterprises could respond more quickly to
the market and to demand for information.
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New commercial backbones are built and of course,
the marketing and popularization of the Internet came.
The Net started to move away from UNIX and other
science application languages to Windows-based
interfaces that were easy for the public to use.
As the Internet became more accessible, companies
began to see the enormous potential for business on
the Internet. In addition, users also began to see some
of the incredible applications for which they could use
the Internet.
Dr. Loai Bani Melhim
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