4.5
forms of verbs(P:39)
• There are many verbs forms as in this table:
• Any lexeme has 5 forms (but, there is an
exception)
A. Basic form b. 3rd
(used
person
everyday
singular
present
tense
c. Past
tense
D .Progressive
Participle
E. Perfect and
Passive
Give
Gave
Giving
Given
Gives
1.Change these basic forms of LEXEMES
into its different tenses(the first is done)
The basic form
3rd person
Past tense
Progressive
perfect
go
goes
went
Is/are going
Has/have gone
Bring
Teach
Fly
eat
walk
shake
f.elhussien
@mu.ed.sa
2.Change these basic forms of verbs
into its different tenses
The basic form 3rd person V
buy
cut
travel
Watch
Drink
Write
study
Past simple
progressive
Perfect or
Passive
3. Form 2 sentences from the verbs
you made previously
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•
•
•
•
•
The first Basic form you choose is:(_________)
a. ___________________________________
b.____________________________________
c.____________________________________
d.____________________________________
e.____________________________________
Continue
•
•
•
•
•
•
The 2nd basic form you choose: (_________)
a.___________________________________
b.___________________________________
c.___________________________________
d. __________________________________
e.___________________________________
Contrast between sentences you made
and tell why it formed like this
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
For perfect
and passive
are
expressed
by the Same
form
6th
there is an exception
• That some verbs hasn’t 5 forms as
regular verbs has formed the past simple
and perfect both are same by adding
(ed): it called (syncretism) for example:
Perform:
• Past simple= Performed
• Present/Past perfect and passive =
performed
But, Syncretism also, occurs in some
irregular verbs also
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Examples:
Dig
Sting
Both the Past tense and past perfect are same as:
dug
stung
And all verbs (150 verbs) or so, that never end in
(ed) end in (t) in past also take same form in the
participle and passive
• Examples: bend(bent)..(feel(felt)
Look
• I will not ( wont) list these 150 verbs
here. “Why”
• Because, we are not deal with
grammar here and its time(tense)
• But,
• We only study the words formation
(Morphology)
Also, I would like to remind you with large words of
grammar not morphology called verb like
• Why? Because You need to Know their forms:
the Auxiliary Verbs
Be
Can
must
Has
have
Is/are- was/were- being- been
could
Had to
had
had
To sum up
•
•
•
•
•
Verbs come in different form according to:
The 3rd person singular (s)
The past simple:( ed)
The progressive:(ing)
The perfect (passive): (has/have)
4.6 Forms of Adjectives
• Adjectives have 3 forms
• Without affixes( the weather is hot
today)
• With (er) The weather is hotter than
yesterday
• With (est): the weather is the hottest in
this month.
The grammatical form of the following
adj. called:
hot
hotter
hottest
Positive adj
Comparative adj
Superlative adj
Examples of Similar adjectives forms:
Positive adjectives
Comparative adjectives
Superlative adjectives
Happy
Long
pure
untidy
Good(irreg.)
happier
Longer
purer
untidier
better
Happiest
longest
purest
untidiest
best
NB.:
• The above types of adj. are
belong to inflectional
morpheme( ‫(تصريف‬
• not derivational‫أِشتقاق‬
Morphology
Every adjective lexeme should has:
• Positive form
• comparative form
• Superlative form
But, many adjectives lack these
forms: of er- est for examples
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•
*Curiouser and curiouser (wrong)
*Fertiler than that one(wrong)
* the fertiler field of all are there( wrong)
Instead you say::
More and more curious
This field is more fertile than that one
The most fertile fields of all are here
When to add these er/est to adj.?P:41
They add to adj. that its basic form is one syllable /
Or two when the second syllable end in vowel as:
tidy- yellow- pretty- polite- tired- sorry)
Longer adj. need periphrastic (more- most)
more beautiful most beautiful
more American most American
more fortunate most fortunate
more edible
most edible
more smiling
most smiling
4.7 conclusion and Summary(P:42)
1. some words(Lexemes) are called inflectional
morphemes)have more than one word form
as Nouns(a boy-/boys- wife /wivesthief/thieve)
2. Inflected words don’ have to be noted in
dictionary.
3. They listed if they are irregular
4. Inflection affected : N/V/Adj/some adv.
Examples:
a.N= girl/girls
b. V= eat/eats/ate/eating/eaten
c. Adj= big/bigger/biggest
d. Adv= slow/slower/slowest
5. Inflection play big roles n modern English
(more than for Germany or old English)
6.English language use inflection more than
other languages.
7. The question is why some L use inflection and
other not is not our concern here..but you can
search for the answer yourself
Exercise: P:42
Q1:underline the forms that are for the same
lexeme in each group( means the grammatical
form of the lexeme)
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
woman-,
woman’swomen,
womanly, girl
Greenish,
greener,
green,
greens
Written,
wrote, writer,
rewrites,
writing
answer
Q2: What word form represents each
of the following grammatical words
Grammatical words
-Plural of NOOSE
-plural of the noun GOOSE
-the plural of the noun MOOSE
- The past of verb PLAY
- The past of the verb LAY
- The past LIE
- 3rd person singular past of the verb BE
- PP of DIVE
- PP of STRIVE/ STRIDE
- PP OF GLIDE
Accusative pronoun (object) of the I/ she
nominative pronoun (subject) YOU/WE
Word form
• I(N)- me(accusative)
she- her
• He/him
• They/ them
• We/ us
• You/him
• it
Complete exercise in p:43
• Q(3- about suppletive (irregular(bad- worse)
• Q(4- about giving examples for superlative adj)
• Q(5- need if possible to consult a native speaker
..asking about: that (est) is limited to single
syllable adj.
• But, the following adjectives . show this a
oversimplification, which ones from the
following?:
• GENTLE- COMMON- PRECISE- REMOTE
The answer : have 2 possible forms
adj
superlative
GENTLE (end in le)-
Gentler/ or more gentle/ gentlest/most
gentlest
common
Commoner/ more common/commonest/ most common
precise
More precise/ most precise
remote
Remoter/ remotest