Happy semester with best
wishes
Dr Amira Yahia
Introduction to research
Lecture I
introduction to nursing research
The learning outcomes:
After this lecture the student will be able to:
• Define research and nursing research
• Describe the link between research and evidence
based practice
• Identify the role of professional nurse in research
• Define the common terminology used in research
• Describe the history of nursing research
Research
Research is “the systematic collection, analysis
and interpretation of data to answer a certain
question or to solve a problem”
Purposes of Research
Research serves two Purposes :1- Generates new knowledge and technologies
to deal with major health problems“ basic
research”
2- Identifies priority problems , evaluates
polices and programs “applied research”
The importance of Research
Why do we carry out research ?
It is generally recognized that there is a wide
gap between data available, and data needed
for management , planning and decision
making, so research is needed to bridge this
gap
NURSING RESEARCH IN
PERSPECTIVE
• Research in its broadest sense is an attempt
to gain solutions. It is the collection of data
in a rigorously controlled situation for the
purpose of prediction or explanation.
Research is away of dealing with ideas and
systematically searches for new facts and
relationships.
Cont….
• Nursing research is concerned with
systematic study and assessment of
problems or phenomena: finding ways to
improve nursing practice and patient care
through creative studies, initiating and
evaluating change, and taking action to
make new knowledge useful in nursing.
What is research?
• It is a systemic inquiry or study that:
Validate and refine knowledge
Develop new knowledge
• The ultimate goal of research is the
development of a research body of knowledge
for a discipline or a profession as nursing
What is nursing research?
• Nursing research is a scientific process that
validate and refine existing knowledge and
generate new knowledge that can be used to
improve clinical practice.
• Practical nurses need to:
*read research report
*identify effective environments for
practice to promote positive outcomes
for patients and families
Clinical nursing research
That is a research designed to generate
knowledge to guide nursing practice and to
improve the health and quality of life of
nurses’ clients.
link between research and
evidence based practice
Is integration of best research evidence
with clinical expertise and patient
values & needs in the delivery of high
quality health care.
What is the importance of Nursing
Research?
• Nurses ask questions aimed at gaining
new knowledge to improve pt. care
• Research-based (evidence based) practice
= integrating research findings into
clinical decision making
What is the importance of
Nursing Research? Cont.
• To promote an understanding of pt.’s and
families experiences with health and illness.
• To implement effective nursing intervention
( the focus of quantitative research).
• To provide high quality and cost effective
care within the health care system ( a
common focus of outcomes research)
What is the importance of
Nursing Research? Cont.
• To generate knowledge about:
*nursing administration
*health care services
*characteristics of nurses
* the role of the nurse
• To provide high quality learning
experiences for nursing students
Examples of nursing research
questions:
1• What are the factors that determine the length
of stay of patients in the intensive care unit
undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery
(Doering, Esmailian, Imperial-Perez,& Monsein,
2009)?
2• How do adults with acquired brain injury perceive
their social interactions and relationships (Paterson
& Stewart, 2011)?
Characteristics of research
•
•
•
•
It demands a clear statement of the problem
It requires a plan
It builds on existing data
It collects new data
Common research terminology
• Description: identifying and understanding
the nature of nursing phenomena. Through
descriptive research the nurse can:
•
•
•
•
Describe the existing nursing practice
Discover new information
Promote understanding of situations
Classify information for use in the discipline
Common research terminology
cont.
• Explanation: clarifies the relationship
among phenomena and identifies the
reasons why certain events occurs
• Prediction: estimation of s specific
outcome in a given situation. Nurses may
be able to anticipate the effects that nursing
interventions would have on patients and
families
Common research terminology
cont.
Control:
• Using “rules” to decrease error and increase
probability that study findings are an accurate
reflection of reality
• Ensure results that reflect true relationship among
variables
• Reduction of the influence of unwanted
“extraneous” variables
Common research terminology
cont.
• SAMPLING
• Who/what do you want to study?
• Choosing subjects who are “representative” of the
study population
Common research terminology
Variables:
• Measurable characteristic that varies among
subjects
• Research is conducted because this variance
occurs!
• Types of variables:
– Independent – presumed cause
– Dependent – presumed effect
Common research terminology
Data:
• Pieces of information obtained in a study. Data
are the actual “values” of the study variables
– Quantitative - numeric value
– Qualitative - narrative descriptions
Common research terminology
RIGOR:
• Striving for excellence in research. Involves:
– Discipline
– Adherence to detail
– Strict accuracy!
– Uses precise measurement tools
Common research terminology
SETTINGP
• Location of the study - can affect results
• Natural Setting: Uncontrolled, real life situation
• Partially Controlled: Manipulated or modified in
some way
• Highly Controlled: Artificial environment for sole
purpose of doing research. Decreases effects of
outside influences
Common research terminology
Trial and error:
• Is an approach with unknown outcomes that
is used in a situation of uncertainty in which
other sources of knowledge are unavailable
Traditions:
• Truths or beliefs that based on customs and
trends.
Types of research approach:
Quantitative Research
• Formal, objective, systematic process
using:
– measurement
– hypothesis testing
– data analysis
• It is traditional approaches such as
experiments and surveys
Qualitative Research
• Evaluate subjective life experiences and give
meaning to them
• Focuses on understanding phenomena from an
individual’s perspective
• Approaches: observation, in-depth interviews,
case studies, narrative analysis
Outcomes research
• It focused on examining the result of care or determining
the changes in health status for the patients.
• The area of examination in this research:
– 1-pt’s responses to medical and nursing interventions
– 2-improvement of pt’s physical functioning
– 3-functional outcomes achieved with health care
services
– 4- pt’s satisfaction with the health outcomes, care
served and health care providers
Nurses are playing an active role in conducting outcomes
research through multidisciplinary research teams
Comparison between Quantitative
&Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
• Formal, objective,
systematic process using
• Evaluate subjective life
experiences and give
meaning to them
• Focuses on understanding
phenomena from an
individual’s perspective
• Approaches: observation,
in-depth interviews, case
studies, narrative analyses
– measurement
– hypothesis testing
– data analysis
• Traditional approaches such
as experiments,
questionnaires, surveys
RESEARCH PROCESS
Phases of research process:
1.
Conceptual phase:
1-Formulating &delaminating of the research
problem & purpose.
2-Reviewing the related literature.
3-Definition of the theoretical framework.
4-Research question & hypothesis
Cont……
2. The design and planning phase:
1-Selecting a research design.
2-Identifying the population to be studied.
3-Designing the sampling plan.
4-Finalizing and reviewing the research plan.
Cont……
3.The empirical phase:
1-Collecting the data.
2-Conducting the pilot study and
making revisions.
3-Preparing the data for analysis.
Cont…..
4.Analytic phase:
1-Statistical analysis tests.
2-Interpreting the results.
5.Dissemination phase:
1-Communicating the findings.
2-Utilizing the findings.
What is your role in nursing
research?
• Consumers of research – read and evaluate
• Participate in the research process, utilize
findings
• Conduct research
What is your role in nursing
research?
The researcher role a nurse assumes expand
with her advanced education and expertis.
BSN degree
• synthesizing research findings from nursing
profession and other disciplines for use in practice
• Plan and implement research based changes in
nursing care and collecting data for studies
• Provide valuable assistance in identifying research
problems
What is your role in nursing
research?
Nurses with master :
• Lead health care teams in making changes
in nursing practice
• Conduct focused initial studies in
collaboration with other nurse scientests
What is your role in nursing
research?
Doctorally prepared nurses:
• Assume major role in the conduct of
research and in the generation of nursing
knowledge
• Coordinate research teams that include
MSN and BSN to facilitate the conduct of
research
What is your role in nursing
research?
The post doctorally prepared nurse:
• Prepared nurses to assume a full researcher
role and has a funded program of research.
• They are expert in selecting and providing
mentoring of new nurse researchers
• Do all the research activities identified for
the other levels of educational preparation
History of Nursing Research
•
Began with Nightingale and Crimean War- mid
1800s
• Early 1900s – problems in nursing: education,
staffing issues
• 1960s Practice oriented research; first nursing
research journals
• 1983 - ANA Center for Research for Nursing
History of Nursing Research
• 1986 - National Center for Nursing Research;
awards/grants to support nursing research &
training
• 1993 – Re-designated as the National Institute
of Nursing Research
summary
• Nursing research is a scientific process that
validates nursing and refines knowledge and
generates new knowledge that directly and
indirectly influences nursing practice.
• Research is correlated to evidence based
practice as it promote high quality and cost
effective care within the health care system
THANK YOU