Medical Terminology
Unit Five
Body Systems
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1.Cardiovascular System:

Anatomy:
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Heart
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Cardiovascular System:

Anatomy:

Terminology:
Combining Form
Angi/o
Aort/o
Arteri/o
Arteriol/o
Cardi/o
Coron/o
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Meaning
Vessel
Aorta
Artery
arteriole
Heart
Heart
Medical Term
Angioplasty
Aortic stenosis
Arteriosclerosis
arteriolitis
Cardiomyopathy
Coronary arteries
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Meaning
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Cardiovascular System:

Terminology:
Combining Form
Phleb/o
Ven/o
Venul/o

Meaning Medical Term
Vein
Phlebotomy
Vein
Intravenous
Venule
Venulitis
Meaning
Pathology:
Pathological Condition
Aneurysm
Angina (Angina Pectoris)
Arrhythmia
Atherosclerosis
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Meaning
Local widening of an artery.
Chest pain due to decreased blood flow to heart
muscle.
Abnormal heart beat.
Hardening of arteries.
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Cardiovascular System:

Pathology:
Pathological Condition
Meaning
Inability of the heart to pump the required amount
Congestive Heart Failure
of blood.
Hypertension
High blood pressure.
Myocardial infarction
An area of dead tissue in the heart muscle.
A group of symptoms (paleness, weak rapid pulse,
Shock
shallow breathing) …….
• Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests and Procedures
Angiography
Cardiac catheterization
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Meaning
Recording (via X-ray) blood vessels after the injection
of contrast into bloodstream.
Introducing a catheter into a vein or artery to
measure pressure and flow patterns of blood.
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Cardiovascular System:
•Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests and Procedures
Doppler ultrasound
Echocardiography
Electrocardiography
Meaning
Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves.
Producing images of the heart via sound waves or
echoes.
Recording electricity in the heart.
• Treatment Procedures:
Procedure
Meaning
Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to
Cardioversion or DC shock
stop a cardiac arrhythmia.
Coronary artery bypass graft Vessels taken from patient’s legs or chest are connected
(CABG)
to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages.
Heart transplantation
A donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
Drugs injected into bloodstream to dissolve clots that
Thrombolytic therapy
cause a heart attack.
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Digestive System:
• Anatomy:
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Digestive System:
• Terminology:
Combining Form
An/o
Append/o
Appendic/o
Cholecyst/o
Col/o
Colon/o
Duoden/o
Esophag/o
Gastr/o
Hepat/o
Ile/o
Jejun/o
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Meaning
Anus
Appendix
Appendix
Gallbladder
Colon
Colon
Duodenum
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Ileum
Jejunum
Medical Term
Anal
Appendectomy
Appendicitis
Cholecystectomy
colostomy
Colonoscopy
Duodenal
Esophageal
Gastralgia
Hepatomegaly
ileostomy
Gastrojejunostomy
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Meaning
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Digestive System:
• Terminology:
Combining Form
Or/o
Pancreat/o
Pharyng/o
Proct/o
Rect/o
Sigmoid/o
Stomat/o
Meaning
Mouth
Pancreas
Pharynx
Anus and rectum
Rectum
Sigmoid colon
Mouth
Medical Term
Oral
Pancreatitis
Pharyngeal
Proctoscopy
Rectocele
Sigmoiodoscopy
Stomatitis
Meaning
•Pathology:
Pathological Condition
Cholelithiasis
Liver Cirrhosis
Hepatitis
Jaundice
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Meaning
Gallbladder stones.
Chronic liver disease, with degeneration of liver cells.
Inflammation of the liver
Yellow-orange coloration of skin and other tissues.
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Digestive System:
•Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests and
Diagnostic Procedures
Abdominal computed
tomography (CT scan)
Abdominal magnetic
resonance
imaging
(MRI)
Meaning
A series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show
abdominal organs.
Magnetic and radio waves create images of abdominal
organs and tissues in all three planes of the body.
Process of beaming sound waves into the abdomen to
Abdominal ultrasound
produce images of organs.
X-ray examinations using a liquid barium mixture to
Barium tests
locate disorders in GIT. For example, barium enema and
barium meal.
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Digestive System:
•Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Liver
(LFT)
function
Stool culture
tests Measurements of liver enzymes and other
substances in the blood.
Feces (stools) are placed in a growth media (culture)
to test for microorganisms.
•Treatment Procedures:
Procedure
Meaning
Surgical creation of a new opening of the colon outside
Colostomy
the body.
Surgical creation of a new opening of the ileum outside
ileostomy
the body.
Performing surgery via a laparoscope, as laparoscopic
Laparoscopic surgery
cholecystectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy.
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Endocrine System:
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Endocrine System:
Terminology:
Combining Form
Adren/o
Adrenal/o
Hypophys/o
Oophor/o
Ovari/o
Orch/o
Orchi/o
Orchid/o
Pancreat/o
Parathyroid/o
Pituitary/o
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Meaning
Adrenal gland
Adrenal gland
Pituitary gland
Ovary
Ovary
Testis
Testis
Testis
Pancreas
Parathyroid gland
Pituitary gland
Medical Term
Adrenopathy
Adrenalectomy
Hypophyseal
Oophoritris
Ovarian cyst
Orchitis
Orchiopexy
Orchidectomy
Pancreatectomy
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypopituitarism
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Meaning
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Endocrine System:
Terminology:
Combining Form
Meaning
Thym/o
Thymus gland
Thyroaden/o
Thyroid gland
Thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
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Medical Term
Thymoma
Thyroadenitis
Thyroidectomy
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Meaning
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Endocrine System:
Pathology:
Pathological
Condition
Meaning
Enlargement of extremities caused by hypersecretion from
Acromegaly
the anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty.
A group of symptoms produced by excess secretion of
Cushing
cortisol from the adrenal cortex. (obesity, moon-like face,
syndrome
hyperglycemia, ..
Diabetes
A disorder in pancreas that causes an increase in blood
mellitus
glucose level.
Goiter
Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hyperthyroidism Overactivity of the thyroid gland.
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Endocrine System:
Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests and Procedures
Computed tomography (CT scan)
Meaning
A series of cross sectional x-ray images.
Measurement of glucose level in blood
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
from a fasting patient
Magnetic and radio wave create images
Magnetic resonance imaging- (MRI)
in all three planes of the body
Measuring certain substances in blood
Thyroid function tests
that evaluate the thyroid.
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Lymphatic System:
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Lymphatic System:
Combining Form
Meaning
Lymph/o
Lymph fluid
Lymphaden/o
Lymph node (gland)
Lymphangi/o
Splen/o
Thym/o
Lymph vessel
spleen
Thymus gland
Pathological Condition
Acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Lymphoma
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Medical Term
Lymphoma
Lymphadenectomy
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphangiectasis
Splenomrgaly
Thymoma
Meaning
Meaning
Suppression of the immune response (destruction of
lymphocyte) caused by human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)
Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue.
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Lymphatic System:
Treatment Procedures:
Treatment Procedure
Meaning
Chemotherapy
Treatment with powerful drugs to kill cancer cells.
Treatment with high-dose radiation to destroy
Radiotherapy
malignant lesions in the body.
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Musculoskeletal System
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Musculoskeletal System
Combining Form
Arthr/o
Chondr/o
Cost/o
Crani/o
My/o
Myos/o
Muscul/o
Myel/o
Oste/o
Pelv/o
Spondyl/o
Vertebr/o
Ten/o
Tendin/o
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Meaning
joint
cartilage
rib
Skull
muscle
muscle
muscle
Bone marrow
bone
Pelvis, hipbone
vertebra
vertebra
tendon
tendon
Medical Term
Arthroscopy
Chondroma
Costochondritis
Craniotomy
Myosarcoma
myositis
Muscular
Myelodysplasia
Osteomyelitis
Pelvic
Spondylosis
Intervertebral
Tenorrhaphy
Tendinitis
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Meaning
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Musculoskeletal System
Pathology:
Pathological Condition
Meaning
Gouty arthritis
Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid.
Progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle
Muscular dystrophy
fibers, an inherited disorder.
Decrease in bone density-thinning and weakening
Osteoporosis
of bone
Chronic inflammation of joints; pain, swelling, and
Rheumatoid arthritis
stiffness, especially in the small joints of the hands
and feet.
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Musculoskeletal System
Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests
and Procedures
Arthrocentesis
Arthrography
Arthroscopy
Muscle biopsy
Meaning
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint.
X-ray imaging of a joint
Visual examination of a joint.
The removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination.
Treatment Procedures:
Treatment Procedure
Arthroplasty
Laminectomy
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Meaning
Surgical repair of a joint.
Removal of a piece of backbone
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Nervous System
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Nervous System:
Terminology:
Combining Form
Cerebell/o
Cerebr/o
Encephal/o
Medull/o
Myel/o
Neur/o
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Meaning
cerebellum
cerebrum
Brain
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Nerve
Medical Term
Cerebellar
Cerebral
Encephalitis
Medullary
Myelitis
Neuropathy
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Meaning
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Nervous System:
Pathology:
Pathological Condition
Meaning
Brain disorder marked by deterioration of mental
Alzheimer disease
capacity.
Cerebrovascular accident Damage of blood vessels of the cerebrum, leading
or stroke
to loss of blood supply to brain tissue.
Concussion
Loss of consciousness as a result of injury to brain.
Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent
Epilepsy
seizure activity.
Paralysis that affect the right or left half of the
Hemiplegia
body.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges.
Paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower portion of the body.
Syncope
Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness.
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Nervous System:
Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures:
Common Tests and
Procedures
Meaning
X-ray imaging of the blood vessels in the brain after
injection of contrast material into an artery.
Cerebrospinal
fluid Tests of samples of CSF to detect diseases of the
analysis
brain or meninges.
Electroencephalography The recording of the electrical activity within the
(EEG)
brain.
Removal of CSF from a space between the lumbar
Lumbar puncture
vertebrae
Cerebral angiography
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Respiratory System
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