MATH105-APPENDIX-2

advertisement
Al Majmaa’h Engineering College
Differential Calculus (Math 105)
Math 105
Appendix 2
Dr. SaMeH Ahmed
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
Chapter
2.1
2
Inequalities
Properties of Inequalities (1)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
If ๐‘Ž > ๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘ > ๐‘, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘Ž > ๐‘
If ๐‘Ž > ๐‘, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘Ž + ๐‘ > ๐‘ + ๐‘
If ๐‘Ž > ๐‘, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘Ž − ๐‘ > ๐‘ − ๐‘
If ๐‘Ž > ๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘  ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘Ž๐‘ > ๐‘๐‘
If ๐‘Ž > ๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘  ๐‘›๐‘’๐‘”๐‘Ž๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’, ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘› ๐‘Ž๐‘ < ๐‘๐‘
Analogous properties are true if the inequality signs are reversed. Thus, if
๐‘Ž < ๐‘ and ๐‘ < ๐‘, then ๐‘Ž < ๐‘; ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž < ๐‘, then ๐‘Ž + ๐‘ < ๐‘ + ๐‘; and so on.
The absolute value |a| of a real number a is defined as follows:
๐‘Ž ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž ≥ 0
|๐‘Ž| = {
−๐‘Ž ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž < 0
If a is the coordinate of the point A on the coordinate line, then |a| is the
number of units (that is, the distance) between A and the origin 0.
Page 2 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
If a and b are real numbers, then |a − b| represents the distance between
a and b.
For example;
|4| = 4, |−4| = -(-4) = 4, |0| = 0, |π − 3| = -(3-π) = π -3
2.2
Properties of Inequalities (2)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
|a| < ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘™๐‘ฆ ๐‘–๐‘“ − ๐‘ < ๐‘Ž > ๐‘
|a| > ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘™๐‘ฆ ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘’๐‘–๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘Ž > ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘Ž < −๐‘
|a| = ๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘™๐‘ฆ ๐‘–๐‘“ ๐‘Ž = ๐‘ ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘Ž = −๐‘
An equation (in x) is a statement such as:
A solution (or root) is a number b that produces a true statement when b
is substituted for x. To solve an equation means to find all the solutions.
Example (1):
Solve the following equations
(a) ๐’™๐Ÿ‘ + ๐Ÿ‘๐’™๐Ÿ − ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐’™ = ๐ŸŽ
Solution:
Factoring the left-hand side yields
๐‘ฅ(๐‘ฅ 2 + 3๐‘ฅ − 10) = 0, ๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ(๐‘ฅ − 2)(๐‘ฅ + 5) = 0
Setting each factor equal to zero, gives us the solutions 0, 2 and -5.
(b) ๐Ÿ๐’™๐Ÿ + ๐Ÿ“๐’™ − ๐Ÿ” = ๐ŸŽ
Solution:
Using the quadratic formula
Page 3 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
๐‘ฅ1,2
−๐‘ ± √๐‘ 2 − 4๐‘Ž๐‘
=
2๐‘Ž
With a = 2, b = 5 and c = -6, we obtain:
๐‘ฅ1,2 =
−5 ± √(5)2 − (4)(2)(−6)
(2)(2)
Thus, the solutions are
๐‘ฅ1 =
−5+√73
4
,
๐‘ฅ2 =
−5−√73
4
(c) ๐Ÿ•. ๐Ÿ‘๐’™๐Ÿ − ๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ. ๐Ÿ•๐’™ + ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ“. ๐Ÿ = ๐ŸŽ
Solution:
Using the quadratic formula, we obtain
๐‘ฅ1,2
31.7 ± √(−31.7)2 − (4)(7.3)(15.2)
=
(2)(7.3)
๐‘ฅ1,2 =
31.7 ± √1004.89 − 443.84
14.6
๐‘ฅ1,2 =
31.7 ± √561.05
14.6
In this case, the solutions are:
๐‘ฅ1 =
31.7 + √561.05
= 3.8
14.6
๐‘ฅ2 =
31.7 − √561.05
= 0.55
14.6
Page 4 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
An inequality (in x) is a statement such that contains at least the
symbols <, >, ๐’๐’“ ≤, ≥, such as
3๐‘ฅ − 4 > ๐‘ฅ 2
−3 < 4๐‘ฅ + 2 ≤ 5
The notation of solution of an inequality and solving an inequality
are similar to the analogous concepts for equations.
In calculus, we often use intervals. In the definitions that the
follows, we employ the set notation{๐‘ฅ:
}, where the space
after the colon is used to specify restrictions on the variable x.
The notation{๐‘ฅ: ๐‘Ž < ๐‘ฅ ≤ ๐‘}, for example, denotes the set of all real
numbers greater than a and less than or equal to b. the equivalent
interval notation for this set is (a,b].
Note: revise the notations for the open and closed intervals.
2.3
Solving Inequalities
โ€ซ ูุฅู†ู‡ ูŠุชุฑุชุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฅูŠุฌุงุฏ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉโ€ฌุŒโ€ซุงุฐุง ุทู„ุจ ู…ู†ุง ุญู„ ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ู…ุงโ€ฌ
โ€ซ ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู†ุณุชุจุฏู„ ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏโ€ฌุŒโ€ซ(ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญู„) ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฌุนู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุตุญูŠุญุฉโ€ฌ
.โ€ซููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุจุฃูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ูŠู†ุชู…ูŠ ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญู„โ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆููŠู…ุง ูŠู„ูŠ ุงู‡ู… ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฌุจุฑูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุฌุฑุงุคู‡ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุงุช ุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃูŠโ€ฌ
.โ€ซุชุบูŠุฑ ููŠ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญู„โ€ฌ
โ€ซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฅุถุงูุฉ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุฑููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉโ€ฌ๏ƒผ
โ€ซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุถุฑุจ ุทุฑููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุจุนุฏุฏ ู…ูˆุฌุจโ€ฌ๏ƒผ
โ€ซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุถุฑุจ ุทุฑููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุจุนุฏุฏ ุณุงู„ุจ ู…ุน ุถุฑูˆุฑุฉ ุนูƒุณ ุฅุชุฌุงู‡ ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉโ€ฌ๏ƒผ
Example (2)
Solve each inequality, and then sketch the graph of its solution:
(a) 2x -7 < 4x – 2
Page 5 of 9
Dr SaMeH
โ€ซโ€ชAppendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSolution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช2x -7 < 4x – 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช2x -4x < -2 + 7โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช-2x < 5โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช2x >-5โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชX > -5/2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)∞ โ€ช{x:x > -5/2} = (-5/2 ,โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช(b) -5 ≤ 2x + 6 < 4โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช-11 ≤ 2x < -2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช-11/2 ≤ x < -1โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSolution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช-5 ≤ 2x + 6 < 4โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชAdd -6 to all partsโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ½ โ€ชMultiply all byโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ช{ x: -11/2 ≤ x < -1} = [-11/2 , -1โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช© x2 - x < 6โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSolution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชx2 - x < 6โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชAdd -6 to both sidesโ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชx 2 – x -6 < 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช(x - 3) (x + 2) < 0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชx = 3 , x = -2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)∞ โ€ช(-∞ , -2) , (-2,3) , (3,โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ช(d) 3x2 – x - 2>0โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชSolution:โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ)โ€ช3x2 – x – 2 = (x – 1 ) (3x + 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซูุฅู† ู†ู‚ุทุชูŠ ุงู„ุชู‚ุณูŠู… ู‡ู…ุง โ€ช – 2/3โ€ฌูˆ โ€ช 1โ€ฌูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู†ู‡ู…ุง ูŠู‚ุณู…ุงู† ุงู„ุฎุท ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุงู„ู‰ ุซู„ุงุซโ€ฌ
โ€ซูุชุฑุงุช ู‡ูŠ )∞โ€ช (1 ,โ€ฌูˆ ( โ€ช )-∞,- 2/3 ) , )-2/3 , 1โ€ฌูˆุจุงุฎุฐ โ€ช -2โ€ฌูƒุนุฏุฏ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ) โ€ช,- 2/3โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซ∞โ€ช )-โ€ฌูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ )โ€ช (x – 1 ) (3x + 2โ€ฌุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ (ุฃูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑโ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู‚ู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุญู„โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆุจุฃุฎุฏ โ€ช 0โ€ฌูƒุนุฏุฏ ุฃุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ( โ€ช )-2/3 , 1โ€ฌูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ )โ€ช(x – 1 ) (3x + 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุชูƒูˆู† ุณุงู„ุจุฉ (ุฃุตุบุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ) ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญู‚ู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุญู„โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซูˆุจุงุฎุฐ โ€ช 2โ€ฌูƒุนุฏุฏ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ )∞โ€ช (1 ,โ€ฌูุฅู†ู†ุง ู†ุฌุฏ ุฃู† ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงู„ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ )โ€ช(x – 1 ) (3x + 2โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซุชูƒูˆู† ู…ูˆุฌุจุฉ (ุฃูŠ ุฃูƒุจุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุตูุฑ ูˆุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ ูุฅู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุชูƒูˆู† ู…ุญู‚ู‚ุฉ ู„ู„ุญู„โ€ช.โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชPage 6 of 9โ€ฌโ€ฌ
โ€ซโ€ชDr SaMeHโ€ฌโ€ฌ
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
) โ€ซูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ูุฅู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุญู„ ุงู„ู…ุชุจุงูŠู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุทุงู‡ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงู„ู…ู†ุชู…ูŠุฉ ุฅู…ุง ุฅู„ู‰โ€ฌ
โ€ซ) ุฃูˆ ุฅู„ู‰โ€ฌ-∞,- 2/3
.โ€ซ ูˆุจู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ูุฅู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุญู„ ุชูƒูˆู† ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู† ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ู‡ุงุชูŠู† ุงู„ูุชุฑุชูŠู†โ€ฌ. (1,∞)
)-∞,- 2/3) ๏ƒˆ (1, ∞)
(e) 2x-5 / x-2 ≤ 1
Solution:
[(2x-5( / )x-2( ] – 1 ≤ 0
[(2x-5( – (x-2( ]/ x - 2 ≤ 0
x–3/x–2≤0
๐Ÿ’−๐Ÿ‘๐’™
(f) −๐Ÿ“ ≤
๐Ÿ
<1
Solution:
−5 ≤
4−3x
2
<1
Given
−10 ≤ 4 − 3๐‘ฅ < 2
Multiply by 2
−14 ≤ −3๐‘ฅ < −2
Subtract 4
14
Divided by -3, reverse the inequality signs
3
2
3
≥๐‘ฅ>
<๐‘ฅ≤
2
3
14
3
Equivalent inequality
2 14
Hence, the solutions are the numbers of the half-open interval ( ,
3 3
]. The
graph is sketched as follow:
(g) ๐’™๐Ÿ − ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ > 3๐’™
Solution:
Page 7 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
๐‘ฅ 2 − 10 > 3๐‘ฅ
๐‘ฅ 2 − 3๐‘ฅ − 10 > 0
(๐‘ฅ − 5)(๐‘ฅ + 2) > 0
Given
Subtract 3x
factor
Now examine the signs of the factors (๐‘ฅ − 5) and (๐‘ฅ + 2), as shown in the
following figure.
Since, (๐‘ฅ − 5)(๐‘ฅ + 2) > 0 if both factors have the same sign, the solutions area
the real numbers in the union (−∞, − 2) ∪ (5, ∞)
(h) Solve the inequality, and then sketch the graph of its solution
|๐ฑ − ๐Ÿ‘| < 0.5
Solution:
−0.5 < ๐‘ฅ − 3 < 0.5
2.5 < ๐‘ฅ < 3.5
The solutions are the real numbers in the open interval (2.5, 3.5) as shown in
the next figure.
Page 8 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105
Page 9 of 9
Dr SaMeH
Related documents
Download