Al Majmaa’h Engineering College Differential Calculus (Math 105) Math 105 Appendix 2 Dr. SaMeH Ahmed Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 Chapter 2.1 2 Inequalities Properties of Inequalities (1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) If ๐ > ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ > ๐, ๐กโ๐๐ ๐ > ๐ If ๐ > ๐, ๐กโ๐๐ ๐ + ๐ > ๐ + ๐ If ๐ > ๐, ๐กโ๐๐ ๐ − ๐ > ๐ − ๐ If ๐ > ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ฃ๐, ๐กโ๐๐ ๐๐ > ๐๐ If ๐ > ๐ ๐๐๐ ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ฃ๐, ๐กโ๐๐ ๐๐ < ๐๐ Analogous properties are true if the inequality signs are reversed. Thus, if ๐ < ๐ and ๐ < ๐, then ๐ < ๐; ๐๐ ๐ < ๐, then ๐ + ๐ < ๐ + ๐; and so on. The absolute value |a| of a real number a is defined as follows: ๐ ๐๐ ๐ ≥ 0 |๐| = { −๐ ๐๐ ๐ < 0 If a is the coordinate of the point A on the coordinate line, then |a| is the number of units (that is, the distance) between A and the origin 0. Page 2 of 9 Dr SaMeH Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 If a and b are real numbers, then |a − b| represents the distance between a and b. For example; |4| = 4, |−4| = -(-4) = 4, |0| = 0, |π − 3| = -(3-π) = π -3 2.2 Properties of Inequalities (2) (i) (ii) (iii) |a| < ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ − ๐ < ๐ > ๐ |a| > ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐๐๐กโ๐๐ ๐ > ๐ ๐๐ ๐ < −๐ |a| = ๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐๐ ๐ = ๐ ๐๐ ๐ = −๐ An equation (in x) is a statement such as: A solution (or root) is a number b that produces a true statement when b is substituted for x. To solve an equation means to find all the solutions. Example (1): Solve the following equations (a) ๐๐ + ๐๐๐ − ๐๐๐ = ๐ Solution: Factoring the left-hand side yields ๐ฅ(๐ฅ 2 + 3๐ฅ − 10) = 0, ๐๐ ๐ฅ(๐ฅ − 2)(๐ฅ + 5) = 0 Setting each factor equal to zero, gives us the solutions 0, 2 and -5. (b) ๐๐๐ + ๐๐ − ๐ = ๐ Solution: Using the quadratic formula Page 3 of 9 Dr SaMeH Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 ๐ฅ1,2 −๐ ± √๐ 2 − 4๐๐ = 2๐ With a = 2, b = 5 and c = -6, we obtain: ๐ฅ1,2 = −5 ± √(5)2 − (4)(2)(−6) (2)(2) Thus, the solutions are ๐ฅ1 = −5+√73 4 , ๐ฅ2 = −5−√73 4 (c) ๐. ๐๐๐ − ๐๐. ๐๐ + ๐๐. ๐ = ๐ Solution: Using the quadratic formula, we obtain ๐ฅ1,2 31.7 ± √(−31.7)2 − (4)(7.3)(15.2) = (2)(7.3) ๐ฅ1,2 = 31.7 ± √1004.89 − 443.84 14.6 ๐ฅ1,2 = 31.7 ± √561.05 14.6 In this case, the solutions are: ๐ฅ1 = 31.7 + √561.05 = 3.8 14.6 ๐ฅ2 = 31.7 − √561.05 = 0.55 14.6 Page 4 of 9 Dr SaMeH Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 An inequality (in x) is a statement such that contains at least the symbols <, >, ๐๐ ≤, ≥, such as 3๐ฅ − 4 > ๐ฅ 2 −3 < 4๐ฅ + 2 ≤ 5 The notation of solution of an inequality and solving an inequality are similar to the analogous concepts for equations. In calculus, we often use intervals. In the definitions that the follows, we employ the set notation{๐ฅ: }, where the space after the colon is used to specify restrictions on the variable x. The notation{๐ฅ: ๐ < ๐ฅ ≤ ๐}, for example, denotes the set of all real numbers greater than a and less than or equal to b. the equivalent interval notation for this set is (a,b]. Note: revise the notations for the open and closed intervals. 2.3 Solving Inequalities โซ ูุฅูู ูุชุฑุชุจ ุนูููุง ุฅูุฌุงุฏ ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ูู ุงูุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงูุญููููุฉโฌุโซุงุฐุง ุทูุจ ู ูุง ุญู ู ุชุจุงููุฉ ู ุงโฌ โซ ูุฐูู ุนูุฏู ุง ูุณุชุจุฏู ุงูู ุฌููู ุงูู ูุฌูุฏโฌุโซ(ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุงูุญู) ุงูุชู ุชุฌุนู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉ ุตุญูุญุฉโฌ .โซูู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉ ุจุฃู ุนุฏุฏ ููุชู ู ุฅูู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุงูุญูโฌ โซูููู ุง ููู ุงูู ุงูุนู ููุงุช ุงูุฌุจุฑูุฉ ุงูุชู ูู ูู ุฅุฌุฑุงุคูุง ุนูู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุงุช ุฏูู ุฃู ุชุญุฏุซ ุฃูโฌ .โซุชุบูุฑ ูู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุงูุญูโฌ โซ ูู ูู ุฅุถุงูุฉ ููุณ ุงูู ูุฏุงุฑ ุฅูู ุทุฑูู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉโฌ๏ผ โซ ูู ูู ุถุฑุจ ุทุฑูู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉ ุจุนุฏุฏ ู ูุฌุจโฌ๏ผ โซ ูู ูู ุถุฑุจ ุทุฑูู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉ ุจุนุฏุฏ ุณุงูุจ ู ุน ุถุฑูุฑุฉ ุนูุณ ุฅุชุฌุงู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉโฌ๏ผ Example (2) Solve each inequality, and then sketch the graph of its solution: (a) 2x -7 < 4x – 2 Page 5 of 9 Dr SaMeH โซโชAppendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105โฌโฌ โซโชSolution:โฌโฌ โซโช2x -7 < 4x – 2โฌโฌ โซโช2x -4x < -2 + 7โฌโฌ โซโช-2x < 5โฌโฌ โซโช2x >-5โฌโฌ โซโชX > -5/2โฌโฌ โซ)∞ โช{x:x > -5/2} = (-5/2 ,โฌโฌ โซโช(b) -5 ≤ 2x + 6 < 4โฌโฌ โซโช-11 ≤ 2x < -2โฌโฌ โซโช-11/2 ≤ x < -1โฌโฌ โซโชSolution:โฌโฌ โซโช-5 ≤ 2x + 6 < 4โฌโฌ โซโชAdd -6 to all partsโฌโฌ โซ½ โชMultiply all byโฌโฌ โซ)โช{ x: -11/2 ≤ x < -1} = [-11/2 , -1โฌโฌ โซโช© x2 - x < 6โฌโฌ โซโชSolution:โฌโฌ โซโชx2 - x < 6โฌโฌ โซโชAdd -6 to both sidesโฌโฌ โซโชx 2 – x -6 < 0โฌโฌ โซโช(x - 3) (x + 2) < 0โฌโฌ โซโชx = 3 , x = -2โฌโฌ โซ)∞ โช(-∞ , -2) , (-2,3) , (3,โฌโฌ โซโช(d) 3x2 – x - 2>0โฌโฌ โซโชSolution:โฌโฌ โซ)โช3x2 – x – 2 = (x – 1 ) (3x + 2โฌโฌ โซูุฅู ููุทุชู ุงูุชูุณูู ูู ุง โช – 2/3โฌู โช 1โฌูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅููู ุง ููุณู ุงู ุงูุฎุท ุงูุญูููู ุงูู ุซูุงุซโฌ โซูุชุฑุงุช ูู )∞โช (1 ,โฌู ( โช )-∞,- 2/3 ) , )-2/3 , 1โฌูุจุงุฎุฐ โช -2โฌูุนุฏุฏ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู ู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ) โช,- 2/3โฌโฌ โซ∞โช )-โฌูุฅููุง ูุฌุฏ ุฃู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฏุงุฑ )โช (x – 1 ) (3x + 2โฌุชููู ู ูุฌุจุฉ (ุฃู ุฃูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุตูุฑโฌ โซูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ุชููู ู ุญููุฉ ููุญูโช.โฌโฌ โซูุจุฃุฎุฏ โช 0โฌูุนุฏุฏ ุฃุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู ู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ( โช )-2/3 , 1โฌูุฅููุง ูุฌุฏ ุฃู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฏุงุฑ )โช(x – 1 ) (3x + 2โฌโฌ โซุชููู ุณุงูุจุฉ (ุฃุตุบุฑ ู ู ุงูุตูุฑ) ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ุชููู ุบูุฑ ู ุญููุฉ ููุญูโช.โฌโฌ โซูุจุงุฎุฐ โช 2โฌูุนุฏุฏ ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู ู ุงููุชุฑุฉ )∞โช (1 ,โฌูุฅููุง ูุฌุฏ ุฃู ุฅุดุงุฑุฉ ุงูู ูุฏุงุฑ )โช(x – 1 ) (3x + 2โฌโฌ โซุชููู ู ูุฌุจุฉ (ุฃู ุฃูุจุฑ ู ู ุงูุตูุฑ ูุจุงูุชุงูู ูุฅู ูุฐู ุงููุชุฑุฉ ุชููู ู ุญููุฉ ููุญูโช.โฌโฌ โซโชPage 6 of 9โฌโฌ โซโชDr SaMeHโฌโฌ Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 ) โซูููุฐุง ูุฅู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุญู ุงูู ุชุจุงููุฉ ุงูู ุนุทุงู ุชููู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุงูุฃุนุฏุงุฏ ุงูู ูุชู ูุฉ ุฅู ุง ุฅููโฌ โซ) ุฃู ุฅููโฌ-∞,- 2/3 .โซ ูุจูุบุฉ ุงูู ุฌู ูุนุงุช ูุฅู ู ุฌู ูุนุฉ ุงูุญู ุชููู ุนุจุงุฑุฉ ุนู ุฅุชุญุงุฏ ูุงุชูู ุงููุชุฑุชููโฌ. (1,∞) )-∞,- 2/3) ๏ (1, ∞) (e) 2x-5 / x-2 ≤ 1 Solution: [(2x-5( / )x-2( ] – 1 ≤ 0 [(2x-5( – (x-2( ]/ x - 2 ≤ 0 x–3/x–2≤0 ๐−๐๐ (f) −๐ ≤ ๐ <1 Solution: −5 ≤ 4−3x 2 <1 Given −10 ≤ 4 − 3๐ฅ < 2 Multiply by 2 −14 ≤ −3๐ฅ < −2 Subtract 4 14 Divided by -3, reverse the inequality signs 3 2 3 ≥๐ฅ> <๐ฅ≤ 2 3 14 3 Equivalent inequality 2 14 Hence, the solutions are the numbers of the half-open interval ( , 3 3 ]. The graph is sketched as follow: (g) ๐๐ − ๐๐ > 3๐ Solution: Page 7 of 9 Dr SaMeH Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 ๐ฅ 2 − 10 > 3๐ฅ ๐ฅ 2 − 3๐ฅ − 10 > 0 (๐ฅ − 5)(๐ฅ + 2) > 0 Given Subtract 3x factor Now examine the signs of the factors (๐ฅ − 5) and (๐ฅ + 2), as shown in the following figure. Since, (๐ฅ − 5)(๐ฅ + 2) > 0 if both factors have the same sign, the solutions area the real numbers in the union (−∞, − 2) ∪ (5, ∞) (h) Solve the inequality, and then sketch the graph of its solution |๐ฑ − ๐| < 0.5 Solution: −0.5 < ๐ฅ − 3 < 0.5 2.5 < ๐ฅ < 3.5 The solutions are the real numbers in the open interval (2.5, 3.5) as shown in the next figure. Page 8 of 9 Dr SaMeH Appendix 2– Chapter 2: Math 105 Page 9 of 9 Dr SaMeH