12. Groundwater
‫المياه األرضية‬
Dr SaMeH Saadeldin Ahmed
Assistant Prof. Mining and Environmental Engineering
Email: s.mohamed@mu.edu.sa
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Contents
1. Definitions
2. Wells and Springs
3. Well contamination
2- Wells and Springs
1. Springs
a)
b)
c)
d)
Bed Springs
Valley Springs
Fault Springs
Artesian Springs
2. Groundwater wells
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Springs
Spring is the appearance of a point or place
emerges naturally from the ground water to
the surface of the earth without having to do
with the means of industrial extraction.
There are several classifications of the springs of
which depends on the temperature, and others
depends on the its flow rate and the extent of
continuity.
Some classifications depends on influential and driving out
forces that lead to bring out those springs. Among the
springs that result from the impact of the forces of
gravity, the follows:
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Types of Springs
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bed springs
Valley or depression springs
Fault springs
Artesian springs
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1. Bed springs
This type of springs appear, if groundwater can not
permit to the zone of fully ​saturation as a result of
the presence of impermeable zone at the bottom of
the aquifer layer. This results in the appearance of
the water in the form spring in the level that meets
the two layers with the surface of the earth.
Impermeable layer
S
W. T.
Permeable layer
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2. Valley or depression springs
This springs appear seasonally, due to increase
of ground water level as a result of heavy
rains.
W. T.
S
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Valley or depression springs
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3. Fault springs
It occurs when a fault lifts up an impermeable
layer to a permeable layer that has water.
S
W. T.
Permeable layer
Impermeable layer
F
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Fault spring: A=aquifer; I=impermeable stratum; S=spring source.
springstewardship.org
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4. Artesian springs
This type of springs appears if the aquifer is
covered with impermeable layer.
S
Impermeable layer
Fracture
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aquifer
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Impermeable layer
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