Mongolia
Daalkhaijav Damiran
Enkhjargal Darambazar
Union
April 2003
Flag
• The flag’s blue center
symbolizes the eternal
blue sky.
• The two red sides
symbolize progress and
prosperity.
• The golden Soyombo
stands on the red stripe
nearest to the flagpole.
National symbol
•
The Soyombo is the Mongolian national
symbol (it is attributed to Zanabazar, 17th
century).
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A flame at the top represents the
blossoming and continuation of the family.
Its three prongs signify prosperity for the
Mongolian people in the past, present, and
future.
The sun and crescent symbolize the origin
of the Mongolian people.
The triangles express the people's
determination to defend the country's
freedom and independence. The top one
represents triumph over internal enemies,
while the bottom symbolizes victory over
external enemies.
The rectangles stand for honesty, justice,
and meritocracy.
Two intertwined fish symbolize vigilance
and wisdom, as fish never close their eyes.
The two vertical rectangles on the sides
signify fortress walls, a symbol of the
Mongolian saying, "Two humans in
friendship are stronger than walls of stone."
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History
• Archeological digs have uncovered human remains in the
Gobi and other regions of Mongolia dating back nearly
500,000 years.
• The Mongols were nomadic people of northern Asia and
were little more than a loose confederation of rival clans.
• In the late 12th century Chinggis khaan had united most of
the Mongol tribes, and "all those who dwelled in feltwalled tents“.
History
• The Mongol Dominance, 1300-1405. This was the height of the
Mongols' glory: the empire stretched from Korea to Hungary and as
far south as Vietnam, making it the largest empire the world has ever
known.
Mongolian Khaans
Chinggis Khaan
(1162-1227)
Khubilai Khaan
(1215 –1294)
History
• The Genghis Khan imprinted in the memory of the west bears little
relation to the Chinggis Khaan revered by Mongolians. To Europeans,
the name epitomizes mercilessness and warmongering; to the
Mongolians, it embodies strength, unity, law and order. Chinggis
Khaan was also generous and loyal. A highly charismatic man, he
nonetheless also expected loyalty from everyone, including those who
served his opponents. He is reputed to have put to death people who,
thinking they would gain his good graces, betrayed their lords to him.
• Ghinggis Khaan’s grandson, Khubilai Khaan completed the
subjugation of China, ending the Song dynasty and becoming emperor
of China's Yuan dynasty (1271-1368).
History
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•The success of the Mongol conquests
should be attributed at least in part to
the military intelligence. The Mongols
had a extensive network of spies and
had extensive information of an enemy
before they engaged them in battle.
•Their use of diplomacy was
remarkable.
•Advanced military tactics.
•Psychological warfare. Many peoples
found it easier to submit than to resist.
History
• In the mid 14th century Yuan dynasty disintegrated and Mongols
returned to Mongolia.
• On 1 December 1911, independence from Manchu was declared, with
a theocratic government under the leadership of the 8th Jebtzun
Damba.
• Chinese occupied the capital of Mongolia in 1919.
• In early 1921, retreating White Russian anticommunist troops entered
Mongolia and expelled the Chinese.
• Mongolian nationalists asked the Russian Bolsheviks for help.
Together they recaptured Ulaanbaatar in July 1921.
• On 26 November 1924, the Mongolian People's Republic (MPR) was
declared.
Facts
•Area: 1,566,000 sq km
Population: 2.6 million
People: Khalkh Mongols (86%), Kazaks (6%), Chinese (2%),
Russian (2%), about a dozen other ethnic groups
•Languages: Mongolian (official), Kazakh, Russian, Chinese
•Religions: Tibetan Buddhism, Muslim, Shamanism
•Political system: Parliamentary Republic.
•Legislature: Parliament, Ikh Hural, with
76 seats, elected for four years.
•Head of the State: President elected for
four years.
•Government: Prime Minister appointed
by Ikh Hural for four years.
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•Major industries: Copper,
livestock, cashmere, wool
•Major trading partners: Russia,
China, South Korea, Japan,US
Ulaanbaatar
•The capital city is located along the
River Tuul trimmed by Bogd Khan
Mountain in the south and surrounded by •It is the home for the quarter of the nation’s
three other mountain ranges.
population..
Lifestyle
the five domesticated animals revered by nomads
Lifestyle
Culture and lifestyle
Mongolians have a high regard for horses since, for centuries, they have relied on
them for transport, sustenance, and companionship.
Environment
• Mongolia is one of the
highest countries in the
world, with an average
elevation of 1580m
(5180ft).
• The Mongol Altai Nuruu
are permanently
snowcapped, and their
highest peak is 4370m
(14,350ft).
Environment
• Lake Khovsgol is one of the country's largest and most spectacular
areas.
• Its 380 cubic km of water make it the fourteenth largest freshwater
lake in the world by volume, with about 2% of the world's fresh
water.
• The lake is 136 km long and 36 km wide. At its deepest, the lake
dives 262 meters.
Environment
• The southern third of Mongolia is
dominated by the Gobi Desert.
• There are 33 different Gobi, where
sandy desert occupies only 3
percent of the total territory.
• Wild asses, camels, snow leopards,
mountain sheep and gazelles
flourish here, as do different types
of flora.
• The Great Gobi Reservation
established in 1975 was designated
by the United Nations as the fourth
largest Biosphere Reserve in the
world in 1991.
Environment
Environment
• Dinosaur skeletons and
their petrified eggs have
been preserved here to the
present day.
• Mongolia is considered to
be the origin country of
ruminant animals.
•Tyrannosaur
Wildlife
Wildlife
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Wild camel or Khavtgai
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Gobi Bear or Mazaalai
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Wild horse or Takhi
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Asiatic Wild Ass or Khulan
Wildlife
Domestic animals
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The two - humped Bactrian camel
(367, 000 camels in the country).
They were domesticated thousands
of years ago and are closely related
to the rare wild camel known as
khavtgai.
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Camels are perfect for long
distance travel in the Gobi, but are
slow (average about 5km/hour );
easy to manage (a camel can last
for over a week without drink and a
month without food); adaptable (a
camel can survive the hardest
winter); can carry a lot of gear (up
to 250kg); and provide wool (an
average of 5kg/year); milk (up to
500 liters a year) and meat.
TRADITIONAL
CLOTHES
• Mongols do like to wear
nice, richly decorated
clothes which compensate
the simple, ascetic
nomadic lifestyle.
• A harsh climate and
uneasy life demand
attention to the smallest
details of clothes.
Women costume
• Mongolian women
traditionally have had long
hairs. To maintain and
decorate elaborate hair- do,
women used many types of
golden and silver hair-pins
and slides, often precious
stones.
• So exotic and colorful are
Mongolian clothes that
French artists working on the
latest episode of the Star
Wars could not resist but to
adopt a full dress of a
Mongolian woman for Queen
Amadala.
Religion
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• In Mongolia, there were about 700 monasteries, but after the communist
takeover in 1921 monasteries were closed and all religious worship and
ceremonies outlawed.
• Since 1990 there’s been a revival of Buddhism (and other religions).
• There is a significant minority of Sunni Muslims in the far western regions,
most of whom are ethnic Kazaks.
Culture
• In the power of the eternal
heaven, the order of the
oceanic khan of the people of
the Great Mongols, the
conquered people must
respect it and fear them.
The Seal of Guyug Khaan
(1206-1248)
Culture
• Mongolia’s paintings,
music and literature are
dominated by nomadism
and Tibetan Buddhism.
• Trio singing a folk song.
Mongolian national
musical instruments: horsehead fiddle and khuuchir.
• Example:
Culture
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The ancient religious mask dancing
"Tsam" is one of the significant
religious rituals reflecting buddhist
teaching through correct apostolic
images and essence.
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The "Tsam" dance ceremony was
first introduced into Mongolia in the
VIII century when the famous Indian
Saint Lovon Badamjunai was invited
to Mongolia to sanctify the
construction of the first Tibetan
temple Samya.
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It is a theatrical art performed by
skilled dancers bearing the external
appearance and characters of
different apostles and devils, animals
or real people. It requires
magnificently ornamented costumes.
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Relations
• Mongolians have always
taken wholeheartedly to
Tibetan Buddhism.
• The leader of Tibetan
Buddhism Dalai Lama’s
visited Mongolia several
times.
NAADAM FESTIVAL
• The Nadaam festival is the
biggest festival of the year for
Mongolians.
• Usually occurring in July, it runs
for three days in all parts of the
country and highlights the
greatest athletes in horse racing,
archery, and wrestling.
• This festival has been held for
centuries as a form of memorial
celebration, as an annual
sacrificial ritual honoring various
mountain gods.
Horse race
• During the races, up to 1,000
horses can be chosen to compete.
• The horse races are broken down
into six categories based on the
age of the horses. For example,
two-year-old horses race for 10
miles (16 km) and seven-yearolds for 17 miles (30 km).
• The race is conducted on the open
grasslands with no set track or
course.
Horse race
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Children from the ages of 5 to 13 are chosen as jockeys and the race tests the
horses skill and the riders.
Archery
• Archery was an inseparable
part of Mongolian history
ever since it was invented
some 20,000 years ago.
• A stone monument raised
during Chingis Khaan times
states that a marksman
named Esukhei hit a target
at 355 ald or more than 500
meters distance. People of
that time were very strong
and bows were well made.
Strength, concentration and sharp eyes are vital
for a good archer
Archery
• Today we use 60-72 gram
arrows and this is 10 times
heavier than those needed
for distant shooting. With
proper arrows it will be
possible to shoot for as far
as 350 meters.
• Women participate in all
but the wrestling category.
Wrestling
• There are no weight divisions
and no time limits.
• A small wrestler can be pitted
against someone two times his
weight.
• A fall is when any part of a
wrestlers body, except his
hands or feet, touches the
ground.
• Titles are given to winners of
a number of rounds: Falcon to
those winning five rounds,
Elephant for seven rounds,
and Lion to the one winning
the whole tournament.
Mongolian wrestlers in Japanese sumo
Makuuchi Banzuke,
• Asashoryu-Yokozuna
• East #1
The winning moment
Mongolian sumo wrestlers in Makuuchi Banzuke
• Kyokutenho
• Komusubi, West#4
• Kyokushuzan
• Maegashira #3
• Asasekiry
• Maegashira #13
Reference
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http://baatar.freeyellow.com/montsam.html
http://www.2camels.com/photos52.php3
http://www.discover.mn/mongolia/places.html
http://www.un-mongolia.mn/archives/wildher/khovsgol.htm
http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/north_east_asia/mongolia/hi
story.htm
http://www.sumo.or.jp/eng/index.php
http://mglclub.com/
http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~corff/im/Landeskunde/CK.html
http://www.un-mongolia.mn/archives/ger-mag/issue2/fashion.htm
Welcome to Mongolia
Thank you