*Subsaharan Africa
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C.J. Cox Instructor Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa 1. Continent dominated by it’s plateau character 2. Majority of people depend on farming for their livelihood Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa 3. High amount of disease (malaria, sleeping sickness, aids) 4. African boundaries drawn by Europeans at the beginning of the colonial period 5. Economic development in scattered areas Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa 6. Rich in raw materials vital to industrialized economies 7. Inter-regional connections are poor 8. Africa has been a place of competition and conflict between major powers Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa 9. Highest population growth despite diseases & food shortages 10. Contrasting areas from civil wars to stability Relative Location of Africa Lying astride the equator Between the Atlantic/Indian and Mediterranean On the periphery of the land hemisphere Second largest continent – 4500 miles from east to west – 4800 miles from north to south Peripheral Peripheral core Peripheral Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions Physical Geography of Africa Plate Tectonics Plateaus Deserts Mountains Rivers Lakes Climates Physical Geography of Africa Plate Tectonics – core for the super continent Gondwana – deep gorges & trenches resultant from continental movement – rift valleys or hugh parallel cracks or faults Physical Geography of Africa Plateaus - plateau land mass where altitude moderates the tropical heat – average of at least 1000 ft. – half of continent is over 2500ft. Basins - Congo, Djouf, Kalahari & Sudan Physical Geography of Africa Deserts – The Sahara Desert - the world’s greatest desert – The Kalahari Desert – The Namib Desert Physical Geography of Africa Mountains – no mts. of continental size – Atlas Mountains – Drakenberg Mts. – Abyssian Highlands – Volcanic Peaks of East Africa such as Mt. Kenya & Mt. Kilimanjaro – Great Escarpment (Zaire to Swaziland) Physical Geography of Africa Rivers – The Nile (Abyssian Highlands to Mediterranean) – The Niger (highlands of Guinea to delta of Nigeria – The Congo River (Dem. Rep. Of The Congo) – The Zambezi - (Zaire/Zambia boundary (Lualaba River) to Lake Malawi delta Physical Geography of Africa Lakes – Lake Victoria – Lake Tanganyika – Lake Malawi (Nyasa) Many of the rivers in Africa occupy the trenches cutting through the East African Plateau Physical Geography of Africa Climates – Symmetrical about the equator – rainy tropical climates of equator – savanna lands of trees with grass – steppe lands of only grass – arid conditions of Sahara & Kalahari Deserts – med. zones at extremities Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions Cultural Geography of Africa – Population – Languages – Agriculture – Economics – Religion Cultural Geography of Africa Population – 763 million – concentrations in Nigeria, Lake Victoria & South Africa – high mortality rates of Sahel, Ethiopia, West Africa poor soils, inadequate precipitation Cultural Geography of Africa Population Characteristics – Birth rates 40/1000 – Death rates 15/1000 – Natural Increase 25/1000 – Infant Mortality 91/1000 – Doubling Time 27 years – Pop <15 44% – Pop > 65 3% Cultural Geography of Africa Languages – Diversity of African Languages indicating isolation over long periods of time – Dozens of languages in a single country – 1/7 of the inhabited world with 1/3 of the the languages Cultural Geography of Africa Languages – divides North Africa & Africa South of the Sahara – Afro-Asiatic north of Sahara – Niger Congo languages in the south – Malayo Polynesian in Madagascar – Germanic in South Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Agriculture – subsistence farming Cultural Geography of Africa Agriculture Cultural Geography of Africa Agriculture – nomadic herding – per capita food production decreasing Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions Historical Geography of Africa Pre European Prelude – the absence of written history – Trade with places like Timbuktu – East Africa trade with China, India Indonesia & Arabs Colonial Transformation – 1600s series of coastal stations & forts – trade with African middlemen for slaves, gold, ivory & spices – Arabs had slave trade long before Europeans Historical Geography of Africa Colonial Transformation (continued) – 30 million slaves deported from Africa all over world – European presence brought a reorientation of external trade interior states decline – Penetration into the interior not until mid of 1800's – 400 years later European carved up Africa Belgium Congo Portuguese Angola & Mozambique French western Africa (France still maintains influence) Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions Nigeria Burkina Faso Mauritania Mali Niger Senegal Guinea Guinea Bissau Gambia Ivory Coast Sierra Togo Benin Ghana Liberia WEST AFRICA bulge Lake Chad to Senegal to coast to Sahara) large desert states to the north smaller coastal states most populated region cultured area coastal location favorable for trade WEST AFRICA Nigeria – Moslem north – mid area poor unproductive & disease – oil reserves in the Niger delta – urbanization 29% – capital Abuja in center • Kenya Uganda Tanzania Rwanda Burundi The Horn Ethiopia Somalia Eritrea Djibouti East Africa highland plateau Africa - savanna Lake Victoria 3 major countries come together Tanzania – largest country with 24 million – country with out a prime core area – African socialism – cooperatives & new villages – cotton north/ tea south East Africa Kenya – – – – – – – – – – 22.8 million good agricultural areas strong core area capitalist state Nairobi/Mombassa tourism pop. increase 4.2 % annually doubling time is 17 years by 2025 4 times as many as today (83 million) over 1/2 pop under 15 average 8 kids per woman East Africa Uganda – 16.2 million – military regime of Amin 1971-1979 – 75,000 Asians evacuated & commercial system fell apart – death by violence 300,000 – economy still in shambles & fragmented Burundi & Rwanda 12 million Chad Cameroon Central African Rep. Gabon Sao Tome and Principe Equatorial Guinea Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) CENTRAL AFRICA Zaire, Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic Gabon Equatorial Guinea Zaire 33 million & 900,000 sq. miles – wealth within the basin rim – river system nuetralized by rapids – independence in 1960 CENTRAL AFRICA Gabon – modest oil reserves, forests & lots of minerals Cameroon – self sufficient in food, oil reserves South Africa Angola Namibia Botswana Zimbabwe Mozambique Zambia Malawi Madagascar Lesotho Southern Africa South Africa – the dominant political & economic force& military – the continent's richest in minerals gold, chromium, diamonds, platinum, coal and iron ore. political influence in Southern Africa operates ports in Mozambique assistance programs in Malawi mediterranean agriculture wool plateau country Southern Africa South Africa southern tip 471,000 square miles 34.7 million great ethnic diversity English, Boers, (5 mill) colored (3 mill) Asians, 1 mill Indians & blacks (25 million) Dutch founded Cape Town in 1652 1800 the British Boer War 1899-1902 Afrikaners labor for sugar plantations & mines Southern Africa South Africa Johannesburg 2.2 mill (gold field) Pretoria 1 mill apartheid ( apart - hate) separateness Afrikaners policy in 1948 minimize contact of ethnic groups homelands immigrant workers government- today must concentrate on keeping control Southern Africa Zambia – landlocked – copper in south – Zimbabwe chrome/asbesto – steppe – 9.6 million – considerable economic potential – Independence in 1980 – Malawi's core in south Southern Africa Mozambique – exit for Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa – cashews & coconut – 14.7% Urbanized – Independence in 1975 Southern Africa Angola conflict with South Africa in Namibia while – fighting an insurgent state in the south – central part of it's own territory. – Oil – coffee – independence in 1975 Southern Africa Namibia – copper, lead & zinc steppe Lesotho – mountainous enclave surrounded by South Africa – poor & landlocked Africa South of the Sahara Ten Geographic Qualities of Africa Physical Geography of Africa Cultural Geography of Africa Historical Geography of Africa African Sub-regions C.J. Cox Instructor Africa South of the Sahara Text Outline Africa in the New World Order African Cultures African Natural Environments Four subregions of Africa South of the Sahara Traditional, colonial & modern landscapes Future Prospects Africa South of the Sahara Africa in the New World Order – At the extreme periphery African Cultures – tribes & kingdoms – religious influences – colonial impacts – independence outcomes & prospects Africa South of the Sahara African Natural Environments – tropical climates – changing climates – ancient rocks, plateaus & rifts – ancient landscapes – forests savannas & deserts – resources – enviromental problems soil, diseases, drought Africa South of the Sahara Four subregions of Africa South of the Sahara – Central Africa countries, people,economics, politics – Western Africa countries, people,economics, politics – Eastern Africa countries, people,economics, politics – Southern Africa countries, people,economics, politics Africa South of the Sahara Traditional, colonial & modern landscapes – Urban landscapes – Colonial Cities – New Cities – Rural Landscapes – Future Prospects Africa South of the Sahara Future Prospects – legacy tribal kingdoms & slavery European colonization Independence & Economic Colonialism Poor Governent & Internal Strife Population Growth Global Warming Africa South of the Sahara Future Prospects – Disappointments Failure of Inappropriate Policies – False Economies of Large-Scale Projects – Currency Exchange Rates – Slow Results from Structural Adjustment Africa South of the Sahara Future Prospects – Disappointments Failure of Inappropriate Policies False Economies of Large-Scale Projects Currency Exchange Rates Slow Results from Structural Adjustment Africa South of the Sahara Future Prospects – Basic Needs education infrastructure Internal or external impetus Africa South of the Sahara African Subregions African Cultures African Natural Environments Traditional, colonial & modern landscapes Future Prospects
