Animal Physiology 2009
Exam III
Name ____________________________________
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Part V
Part VI
Part VII
Part VIII
Part IX
Part X
Part XI
___________ (10 pts)
___________ (10 pts)
___________ (10 pts)
___________ (10 pts)
___________ (10 pts))
___________ ( 10 pts)
____________ (10 pts)
____________ ( 5 pts)
____________ ( 10 pts)
____________ ( 5 pts)
____________ ( 10 pts)
Total
___________ (100)
Please read each question carefully. Make sure you completely answer each question. Make sure you are
specific when necessary. You are more than welcome to use graphs, diagrams, illustrations to support your
conclusions
This exam has 12 pages including this title page.
Electronic devices may not be accessed during this exam.
1
Part I
Who am I?
Explain what the following people discovered or are best known for. Please be specific
1) Boyle
2) Schmidt-Neilson
3) Patrick Walsh –
4) John Buck
5) Jim Case-
Who/What am I
6) I am isosmotic with my environment although I do regulate individual ions and will produce copious amounts of
slime when disturbed
7) I am an ancient fish whose plasma is iso osmotic with the environment and my plasma contains TMAO
and one other substance
8) To survive the harsh desert climate, I am able to shrink the size of my liver and heart to reduce oxygen
consumption
9) My red muscles have co evolved as heat organs that allow me to keep my core body temperature well
above ambient seawater temperatures
10)
2
PART II: What specific physiology property/process were the following animals used to illustrate ( 1
pt each)
1) Antelope ground squirrel -
2) Trematomus-
3) Architeuthis -
4) Amphiuma –
5) Swordfish –
6) Lake Malida cichlid excretes nitrogenous waste in the form of urea
7) Fennec fox-
8) scorpion-
9) turban snail10) Chironomus –
3
III) Name how the following animals access/generate fresh/metabolic water needed for life
1) Whale
2) Open ocean seabird –
3) Saltwater fish
4) Kangaroo rat
5)Lake Baikul freshwater seal
6) Namib beetle
Bioluminescence
1) Why would many midwater fish have black stomachs (1 pts)
2) What are the minimum number of trophic levels need for the burglar alarm hypotheses to function
3) Many dinoflagellates may get eaten before the grazer is removed. What is the adaptative significance of this
3) Why and/or for what purpose has bioluminescence evolved in echinoderms, which do not possess well
developed eyes. (1) escape, lose luminescent appendage and move away
4
IV)
1) Scientists have postulated that life on other planets may not use oxygen and carbon dioxide for
respiration. In the search for a race of supermen, a robotic probe lands on the planet Krypton. The
atmosphere consists of 20% of the diatomic gas X but has very little oxygen or carbon dioxide. The
terrestrial organisms possess the same type of ventilatory lungs like found in earth’s terrestrial vertebrates
and have basically the same respiratory physiology. However, krypton diXide is substituted for carbon
dioxide in the respiration cycle. The probe is unable to detect what type of gas is being inhaled but what are
the three properties of the inhaled gas in relation to krypton diXide that can you be relatively sure about. (1
each)
2) Walt Disney’s head has been cryogenically preserved in the hopes of finding a cure to what killed him
and eventually resuscitating him in the future. What major physiological problem that retards the ability of
vertebrates to survive full freezing will have to be worked out for resuscitation to have any chance of
success.
3) You may have noticed that many deep sea fish have “eye” shine similar to a deer illuminated by headlights. Why
do you they have this adaptation and speculate what this does for visual clarity (2pt)
4) It is very cold outside. You are lucky enough to live in a split level house with three other roommates. One room
mate lives on the level above the garage and your two other roommates live on the level below the garage. You decide
to start your car in your garage and keep the garage door closed to prevent the heat from the exhaust from being
“wasted”. In fact, you prop open the door between the house and the garage because you are a nice person and figure
you might as warm up the whole house for your roommates. Explain the physiological consequences of this action.
Will there be any difference as to what level your roommates live on. (4 pts)
5) The rete in the teleost swimbladder is a counter current exchange mechanism for
5
V)1) In the figure on the right, circle the arrows
involved in the active transport of NaCl
2) Put a box around the arrows that indicate the
passive diffusion of urea
3) What do the number in the boxes represent
and what is the physiological significance of the
range from 100 to 1200 (2 pts)
Date
July 1
July 2
July 3
July 15
July 16
July 17
noon
100
80
100
100
100
100
midnight
10
10
10
35
15
35
2) The above table plots the average depth distribution at both noon and midnight in meters of a squid that uses counter
illumination
a) What does the squid use counter illumination used for?( 1 pt)
b) Why would the squid vertically migrate between noon and midnight. (0.5 pts)
c) Explain and/or hypothesize the difference in depth distribution for the following dates 0.5 pts each
July 1 vs July 17 July 1 vs July 2
July 15 vs July 16
3) Why is the Q10 of intertidal animals close to 1
4) True/False Obligatory osmotic exchangers responds to physical factors and have little or no control over their
internal ionic concentration. Regulated osmotic exchangers have physiologically controlled internal ion concentrations
and maintain internal homeostasis
6
VI)
C
A
B
1) What compounds do A, B and C represent in the above diagram ( 1pt each)
A) _______________ B) ______________ C) _________________________
2) What is the general classification of organism (in regards
to nitrogen regulation) that produces the type of graph on the
left. (1 pt)
Explain the differences in time courses for ammonia, nitrite
and nitrate. (1 pt)
nitrite
What would be the effects of adding a broad spectrum
antibiotic to the tank at day 20. (1 pt)
3) True/False The counter current system has only
evolved once and is only found in the fish gill. Water
flows parallel to blood vessels in the fish gill. This decreases the total surface area for diffusion.
4) Anadramous fish spawn in freshwater and move to the ocean be returning to spawn in freshwater. Proton ATPase
in pavement cells is upregulated by the Na influx from salt water. This stimulates the secretion of estradiol. Inducees
increaseds in sw Chloride cells and in the fill Na/K ATPase and increase in salt secretion. During the return to
freshwater , Paracellular gaps in gills epith open to increase salt intake. The rise in plasma noradrenalin stimulates
changes in Cl- cells and Na+/K+ ATPase activity falls.
7
Section VII
You are conducting an experiment on a new species of sea bird. You discover that the salt gland in the bird can
produce a concentrated salt solution of 6 %. Its urine is approximately iso-osmotic with seawater. The seawater which
is its only source of water is 3%. The average air temperature is 25oC and the average water temperature is 15oC and
the bird weighs an average of 500 gm.
Fish
% NaCl
of tissue
% KCl
of tissue
% nitric
oxide in
tissue
Metabolic
cost of
processing 1
g of tissue
Metabolic
gain of 1 g
of tissue
Species A
Species B
Species C
Species D
15
35
40
30
10
25
40
10
0%
5%
10 %
20
3 calorie
3 calories
2calories
1 calorie
10 calories
8 calories
5 calories
10 calories
B) ml of
seawater
needed to
eliminate
salt
C)
metabolic
cost to
process 100
g of fish
A) If the birds drinks 100 ml of sea water, how much freshwater will be available for metabolic needs ( 2 pts)
B) The bird preys exclusively on three species of fish. The percentage of NaCl, KCl and nitric oxide in each tissue is
given. The bird needs 4 ml of free water to process 1 g salt contained in each fish species though its urinary pathway.
What is the minimum amount of seawater it will have to drink to have sufficient free water to eliminate the salt gained
from the ingestion of its food via its urinary pathway for each species of fish if it eats 100 g of species A, 200 grams of
species B and 400 grams of species C and 500 grams of species D. Assume that the water gained from the ingestion
and metabolic reduction of the fish is negligible ( 2 pts).
C) For every 1 ml of seawater ingested, it costs the bird 1 calories to make the concentrated salt solution and the
corresponding free water. It also costs the bird 1 calories for each ml of urine produced. The metabolic cost of
processing each g of tissue and the metabolic gain that each g of tissue gives is shown in the table. The bird needs 2
ml of free water to process 1 g salt contained in each fish species though its urinary pathway. Assume that the salt
from the seawater can only be processed through the salt gland and that the salt from the food can only be processed
through the kidney. The bird must remain iso-osmotic with its environment and also get rid of all the salt it acquires
through its diet and drinking. Please enter the metabolic cost of processing 100 g of fish. (Note: please show all
calculations for full credit)(6 pts)
D) What species should the bird avoid eating (if any) ( 2pts)
8
VIII True or False
1) In teleosts, Oxygen in secreted at depth against high pressure in the following mechanism.
Aerobic metabolism converts glucose to lactate and oxygen in the wall of bladder. This leads to an increase RBC pH
and O2 release from heme. The Po2 in blood in gas gland becomes greater than the Po2 in lumen of SB and oxygen
diffuses into the lung. Root on shift on venous side decrease PO2 occurs on venous side of rete Whereas a reverse
Root off shift leads to an increase in Po2 on the arterial side
2) In mammals, respiratory water loss is minimized by a temporal counter current system. This results in
condensation on cooled nasal passages and the warm blood entering is cooled by cold blood leaving the nose resulting
in cold, drippy noses
3) Penguins have adapted an additional layer of fat to survive in the Arctic and polar bears have developed thick,
white fur to survive in the Antarctic.
4)When one plots the metabolic rates of individuals of different species plotted against mass, the exponent (b) of the
equation that relates metabolic rate to mass is 0.75. The is called Kleiber’s law.
5) The Mass specific metabolic rate is higher for small animals than it is for large animals. This means that smaller
animals must spend more time foraging than large animals and are more susceptile to variation in food supply
9
IX)
1) The graph on the right is from what species of fish
What is the specific temperature classification of this
fish
How does this fish keeps its internal temperature
above ambient
2) Compare/contrast respiration in a fish, bird and mammal ( 3 pts)
3) The table below shows the increase in enzyme activity in four species of marine snails from 5 to 20 oC. It also
shows the concentration in heat shock proteins at 10 and 30oC.
Species
Enzyme
Activity @ 5
o
C
Enzyme
Activity @
10 oC
Enzyme
Activity @
15 oC
Enzyme
Activity
@ 20 oC
A
B
C
D
5
10
20
10
10
30
25
12
15
40
30
14
20
60
60
14
Heat
shock
protein @
10oC
30
28
20
5
Heat shock
protein @
30 oC
35
37
25
50
i) What is the Q10 of species A for enzyme activity from 10 to 20oC
ii)Using both enzyme activity information AND heat shock protein levels, indicate the habitat
D. Please justify your answer. (2 pts)
for species
4) What does the Heisenberg, uncertainty paper, 1927 have to do with measuring the animals metabolic rate
10
In the table below, indicate the type of "therm" each animal is (endo, ecto, hetereo…..).
Additionally, indicate what type of environment that each record is from (intertidal, shallow ocean,
mountain, etc….)
Animal
Type of “therm”
environment
1
2
3
4
5
6
Indicate the mechanism that Animal 3 employs to regulate its temperature
What probably accounts for the daytime fluctuation in internal temps in Animal 5 (2 pts)
What accounts for the fluctuating external temperature found for Animal 6 (2 pts)
You have been given three temperatures readings for six unknown animals at various times of day Assume sunrise at 0700 and
sunset at 1900 without any cloud cover throughout the day. Column A is the environmental or external temperature. Column B
is core or internal temperature of the animal. Column C is the skin temperature
Animal 1
Animal 2
TEMPERATURES
TIME
Animal 3
300
A
15
B
15
C
15
A
4
B
4
C
4
A
20
B
30
C
22
600
900
17
20
16
20
17
20
4
4
4
4
4
4
20
20
30
31
22
23
1200
1500
25
30
24
28
25
30
4
4
4
4
4
4
20
20
32
32
24
24
1800
2100
25
22
25
23
25
23
4
4
4
4
4
4
20
20
31
30
22
22
2400
18
18
Animal 4
18
4
4
20
300
15
B
36
C
36
A
25
B
36
C
36
A
20
B
21
C
21
600
900
17
20
37
37
37
38
27
40
36
37
36
38
30
35
25
27
25
27
1200
1500
25
30
37
37
39
39
40
42
41
36
42
35
20
20
22
20
22
20
1800
2100
25
22
37
36
38
36
41
30
40
37
41
38
30
30
25
28
25
28
2400
18
36
36
26
37
37
20
23
23
4
Animal 5
30
21
Animal 6
11
12
X
The rete mirabile in the teloest swimbladder acts as a countercurrent for oxygen. IN the swim bladder physiology,
Aerobic metabolism is involved in the conversion fructose to acetic acid and carbon dioxide. The octose phosphate
shunt is responsible for this convervsion
e) The root on shift occurs in which vessels and how does it effect the partial
pressure of oxygen
VEINS AND DECREASES PARTIAL PRESSURE OF
OXYGEN
13