Personal Safety Advisory Committee
Log of Concerns and Status Report 2011-2012
Last update: 5/1/2012
OPEN CONCERNS (not reviewed or no solution yet):
None
PENDING CONCERNS (solution in progress):
Apartments Community (Susquehanna/Hillside):
Skywalk P-gate (P-gate missing)
The existing P-gate needs to be closed and an additional set of P-gates need to be installed at the
bottom of the path where none currently exist.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Facilities has assured PSAC that the gate will be installed Summer 2012
Walkway to/from Susquehanna - Hillside through Lot M to/from main campus or Hinman
Facilities refers to this project as the Pedestrian/Vehicle Project for Hinman
We recommend a designated walkway through Parking Lot M to Hinman and the main campus.
 Date logged in12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Casey Wall, AD Residential Life
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Memo sent to Ms. Wall. This project is currently scheduled for Summer 2012 via
Physical Facilities.
Rockland/Saratoga Parking Lot P-gate
P-gate needs to be installed across the parking lot from Glimmerglass next to the dumpster.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Casey Wall, AD Residential Life
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Memo to Ms. Wall. This project is currently scheduled for Summer 2012 via Physical
Facilities.
College in the Woods:
P –gate needed on the walkway between CIW and Mountainview
 Date logged in: 1/6/2012
 Reported by (name and email contact): Tony Preus
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
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Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken: This project is currently scheduled for Summer 2012 via Physical Facilities.
Dickinson Community:
Concern: Blue Light:
There is a need for a blue light on the East side of Dickinson along the road. The blue light in the woods
heading from Dickinson toward the East Gym is not visible when the leaves are on the trees.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Waiting for funding; this project is currently scheduled for Summer 2012 via Physical
Facilities.
East Gym Crosswalk
 Date Logged: 4/29/2012
I have noticed a possible safety issue regarding the crosswalk near the path to the East Gym (where you
cross the street from Dickinson to the gym). The paint is nearly completely faded, and in less than full
light, I don't think that most drivers can tell that there is a crosswalk there. This is a more significant
issue, given the amount of traffic that path and crosswalk is receiving since the gym's opening.
Marisa Sweeney
Resident Assistant | Mohawk Hall
Binghamton University 2014
BS Accounting| BA Politics, Philosophy, & Law
516-263-3599; msweene4@binghamton.edu
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Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken: This project is currently scheduled to be completed before Summer 2012 via Physical
Facilities.
East Gym lighting
 Date: 4/30/12
The East Gym resident parking is in the back of the East Gym, where
there is an entire wall of trees blocking anyone from view if they
wished to conceal themselves, it is not well lit, there are two short
cut areas that would make it seem a little safer that are blocked off
so you have to walk where almost no light reaches, and the parking in
the front of the gym is for commuters only from 7am -6 pm. While that
does leave some time open for students to park in the front during
hours when it is dark very late at night or very early in the morning,
there are still times when students are forced to park there when it
is dark. For instance my suite and I go to the gym at 6:10 in the
morning and leave at 7:15. This means that we still have to park in
the back where there is no one around and still dark. This makes us
increasingly uncomfortable, and our parents are going to be emailing
parking services at a later date to voice their concerns about our
safety on campus as well.
Rachelann Tripp
(rtripp2@binghamton.edu)
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Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken: Additional lighting will be installed in that area summer 2012.
Escorts
 Date Logged: 4/29/2012
I think it would be vitally important to have an escort system in which a student can call a number and
have someone to walk with them after dark. For the past four years I have called the escort number
that Binghamton University provides but have always been told to "wait for the safe-ride shuttle." It is
not safe for young women to be waiting on the side of the brain or main road waiting for a van that may
or may not see them in the dark. That's why, again, I think it is vitally important for volunteers to be
available to walk with students across campus if need be.
Samantha B. Van Adelsberg
svanade1@binghamton.edu
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): NYSUP
 Action Taken: Finding students to work the midnight to 8am shift is difficult and priority goes to
staffing the shuttle. Daniel Chambers, Deputy Chief of Police is contacting Harpur’s Ferry to
determine if some sort of joint program could be implemented to provide coverage.
Fine Arts
 Date: 4/29/12
The corner of the FIne Arts building that faces the Chenango Room. I teach there and there is a very
dark, unlit area due to the construction surrounding Fine Arts. The pathways are lit but it is very dark
getting to the pathways as you exit FA itself. Some sort of temporary lighting surrounding the exit
would be really helpful.
Jenny Gordon, Associate Professor GSE
gordon@binghamton.edu
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: A light will be installed in this area this spring/summer
Greenhouse
Blue light not visible. Blue Light that is already in place near the green area west of the Anderson
Center needs to be extended so that it is visible on the East side of the building not just the north side
of the building.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Lauren J Ross-Hixson lrosshi1@binghamton.edu
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Memo to Ms. Ross-Hixson; work is pending. This project is currently scheduled to be
completed before Summer 2012 via Physical Facilities.
Health Services
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
Motorists do not recognize this area as a cross walk for students. The additional distractor of the ever
changing construction further complicates things. Students travelling to Health Services are often not
feeling their best and therefore not their "sharpest" in terms of noting details of their immediate
environment. Couple that with the fact that students are very casual about the way they cross
roadways and great concern exists. Personally I have stood at that crosswalk while several cars at a time
have passed with no apparent awareness that a crosswalk exists. This has included personal vehicles,
public transportation and University vehicles.
It is concerning. I appreciated your attention to this matter.
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities and NYSUP
 Action Taken: Crosswalks and walkways to be clearly marked
 To be completed Spring2012
ITC (Murray Hill Road)
Path and bridge from Child Care Center to ITC lighting needs to be improved.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011 (originally recommended by PSAC in 2010)
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): No work scheduled
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: No work scheduled
Lecture Hall – Basement Lighting
 Date: 4/30/2012
many of us who work down in the basement areas have had our safety compromised by the new
"energy saving" lights reduction program which basically plunges the basement into darkness until you
get into extreme proximity to turn on a light. The effective reality is working in a very dark and
dangerous environment, and I actually carry a flashlight ... it is such a serious problem. We work hours
when there is little traffic down here, so the problem can be quite troubling. This effects staff as well as
student employees such as projectionists who work late at night and weekends. Also, there are no
emergency backup lighting units down here either, so the many times we have lost electricity in this
building, we have had to evacuate student classrooms using flashlights.
My recommendations would be:
1) Install emergency battery backup lighting units at locations near exits and classrooms (for
example in the Student Wing / LH buildings -- near room B13, and B32, and B90 to name a few
locations)
2) Reduce or remove the automated shut off lights in the basement hallway areas, or if
unable, install far more frequent motion sensors to turn on the lights, and enable the proximity
switches to turn on at great distances.
Adele Brown
Cinema Department
777-6345
 Action Taken: I have discussed this problem with Wayne Schneider, Assistant Director of Facilities.
He has assured me that he will look into the problem right away. Please allow some time for
Facilities to correct the problem.
Mountainview College:
P-stop missing - Walkway to/from Mountainview to/from Paid Parking Lot
P-stop is missing on NE corner of the Paid Parking Lot on walkway to Mountainview.
 Date logged in: 1/6/2012
 Reported by (name and email contact): Tony Preus
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: To be completed Summer 2012
Mountainview College:
Walkway to/from Mountainview to/from Paid Parking Lot
P-stop is missing on NE corner of the Paid Parking Lot on walkway to Mountainview.
 Date logged in: 1/6/2012
 Reported by (name and email contact): Tony Preus
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Was scheduled to
be a long term improvement – Bill Ziegler has heard that this project has been removed from the
schedule –
o an update of the status is needed
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o If the project is canceled, then where is the money the students contributed to this project?
Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken
Newing College:
No railings - Walkway to Bridge to churches and temple behind Newing:
Need a walkway railing from the Newing parking lot all the way down to the bridge. The walkway is
extremely steep.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: This project is currently scheduled to be completed Summer 2012 via Physical
Facilities.
Newing College:
Bridge washout - Bridge to churches and temples behind Newing:
The bridge washout is dangerous on the Murray Hill side of the bridge and a temporary railing should be
installed until permanent repairs are made. The north side of the bridge on the Murray Hill side does
have a temporary railing, but the south side of the bridge on the Murray Hill side does not.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: This property This project is currently scheduled to be completed Summer 2012 via
Physical Facilities although there is a delay due to obtaining permission from the property owner on
the Murray Hill side of the bridge.
Newing College:
Poor lighting - Walkway to Bridge to churches and temple behind Newing:
Need a walkway railing from the Newing parking lot all the way down to the bridge. The walkway is
extremely steep.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Marguerite Ward '12, BU student,
mward2@binghamton.edu
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken : This project is currently scheduled to be completed before Summer 2012 via Physical
Facilities.
Memo to Ms. Ward and subsequent work by contractors of East Campus project:
The Personal Safety Advisory Committee (PSAC) reviewed your concerns and twelve members of the
PSAC visited the bridge location you referenced.
Concern:
The walkway behind Newing to the Newman Chapel has a blue light system, which is good, but the
walkway has several dark spots--both before and after you pass the blue-light pole.
Response:
The PSAC walked the bridge area after dark and agree with your concerns. We were informed that
the lighting system for the entire parking area that leads up to the bridge on the BU side has not
been installed due to a delay from the manufacturer for the designated lighting. We are expecting
the lights to be installed very soon and that will brighten up that entire area considerably. One
problem is that Binghamton University does not have any authority to provide lighting on the
Murray Hill Road side of the bridge. That area is private property so the best way to get anything
accomplished on that side of the bridge would be to work with the owners of that property and the
Newman Chapel. If the lights on the BU side are not installed in a reasonable amount of time,
please send me another email and I will take the problem directly to Vice President VanVoorst.
Newing College:
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
I just had a resident come to me last week and mention that she had tripped and sprained her ankle on
the stairs between Bingham and Broome that lead down into the parking lot. She said that she had a
hard time seeing where she was stepping since the staircase isn’t well lit. I’ve tried to pay attention
when I drive by there when it’s dark out, and it does seem that they are a bit dimly lit.
Heidi R. Morton
Resident Director-Broome Hall
Newing College
Binghamton University
607-777-5273
 Action Taken: Your concern was reviewed and the location in question was visited by the Personal
Safety Advisory Committee. At the time of your email the lighting that was scheduled to be placed
near that area had not been done due to a problem with the contractor. Just a couple of weeks ago,
the lighting project was completed. However, I believe that new lighting problems have been
created in that area with the installation of the new lights and the removal of the older lights, so this
will remain an area of concern. Facilities is currently working on a plan to install additional lighting
in that area, especially from the stairway in question to the Troll Bridge.
Newing College:
Roadway in front of Bingham Hall
Roadway lane boundaries need to be painted around the entire corner in front of Bingham Hall
 Date logged in:12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): NYSUP
 Action Taken: This project is currently scheduled to be completed before Summer 2012 via NYSUP
Paid Visitor Parking Lot:
Danger of lights falling into Parking Lot due to rotted light poles
Over a long period of time three light heads have been removed or fallen due to rot in the light
poles. This is the only remaining parking lot on the entire campus that still has wooden poles being
utilized to mount the lights in the lot. Additionally, there are two poles in the upper section of the paid
lot with lights secured to the poles using a makeshift arrangement of a large “U” bolt type
attachment. One of these poles has already lost half of its lighting due to rotted wood. This is an unsafe
condition for two reasons; one being the loss of lighting in a highly trafficked area for both pedestrians
moving back and forth from Mountainview and vehicles The second reason is that these light heads that
are not properly secured could fall on either a car or a person in the lot and cause significant harm.
Since BU has previously been alerted to these problems and made these long-term temporary fixes,
then the University could be liable for any injury or damage.
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Date logged in: 1/29/2012
Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC Night Walk
Action Taken: Facilities has assured the PSAC that the light poles are scheduled for replacement.
One pole that was leaning has been replaced.
Science 4 Crosswalk Signage
 Date logged in: 1/29/2012
The pedestrian crossing in front of (and just to the west of) Science 4 is well illuminated but the Caution
sign in the middle of the road that used to be there has been missing for months.
Ralph R. Miller
Distinguished Professor of Psychology & Director of Graduate Studies
 Action Taken: I discussed the missing crossing signs situation with Dan Chambers, Deputy Chief of
Police. Unfortunately, despite the low snowfall, many of the crossing signs that were located in the
roadways were destroyed by snow plows this winter. The signs cost between $500 and $1000 each,
and there is not a designated budget for these signs. At face value, it sure seems that this should
not be too difficult of a problem to resolve – simply remove the signs before plowing begins and
then put them back in the spring. We sure hope that will be the case for the future.
West Gym Crosswalk Lighting
 Date logged in: 1/29/2012
The pedestrian walk crossing the road in front of and just to the left of (exiting) the West Gym is totally
unilluminated. Hundreds if not thousands cross there each evening at unnecessarily risk of being hit by
a car or bus.
Ralph R. Miller
Distinguished Professor of Psychology & Director of Graduate Studies
 Action Taken: Your concerns were reviewed and the locations in question were visited by the
Personal Safety Advisory Committee. The crosswalk area near the West Gym is currently being
reviewed by Physical Facilities to determine how to improve lighting in that area.
LONG TERM CONCERNS
East Access Road Sidewalk:
There are no sidewalks from the Health Services Center along the East Access Road to the housing
development to the south. The amount of foot traffic is evident by the paths worn through the grass.
This is especially dangerous during the winter months when plowed snow covers the pathways
through the grass.
 Date logged in: 1/9/2012 (originally recommended by PSAC in 2008 and every year thereafter)
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): open
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Under review by Physical Facilities
Mountainview College
Walkway to/from Mountainview to/from Hinman:
There are no sidewalks along this roadway.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
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Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Open
Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken
West Drive Sidewalk Removal Proposal:
The PSAC is concerned about a possible plan to remove sidewalks on the South side of West Drive
from Hinman College to Newing College
 Date logged in: 4/9/2012
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): open
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Memo from PSAC to VP VanVoorst asking for a full safety review of the proposal
West Gym
Path from to West Gym from East Gym parking lot through the woods is not lit, nor is a blue light
visible while on that path.
An alternate (longer) path with lighting and blue light is available, however, off campus visitors have no
way of knowing that when making the trek from the East Gym parking lot to the Events Center or the
West Gym.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011 (originally recommended by PSAC in 2010)
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Pending
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities and NYSUP
 Action Taken:
West Gym:
Traffic and Crossing Pattern from West Gym to Science III
An alternate crosswalk design has been submitted that makes pedestrian traffic much safer especially
when events end that are housed in the West Gym.
 Date logged in: 1/6/2012
 Reported by (name and email contact): Doug Bonawitz – NYSUP dbonawi@binghamton.edu 72393
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Open
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken
CLOSED CONCERNS
AED (Defibrillators) on campus:
Who is trained?
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler
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Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
Action Taken: Clarification provided that training is not necessary, nor required.
Apartments Community (Susq/Hillside):
Skywalk P-gate (open gate)
The existing P-gate needs to be closed at the bottom of the walkway
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Gate has been closed
Sidewalks suffering from washouts:
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Meghan Forcier – RD Residential Life
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: Memo sent to Ms. Forcier. Work to repair the wash out along the sidewalks is
complete.
Skywalk (path to/from Susquehanna to/from Hillside)
Concern about lack of lighting:
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Meghan Forcier – RD Residential Life
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken :
Memo was sent to Ms. Forcier. Concern about lack of lighting was not found. The path is very open,
well lit and well maintained. The lighting is on a timer and as the daylight hours became shorter, the
timer may not have been adjusted accordingly. Physical Facilities notified.
Dickinson Community:
Concern: Sidewalks:
No sidewalks along construction site and no alternate route on East Drive
 Date logged in : 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities
 Action Taken: This particular problem is resolved but PSAC would like assurance that EVERY
construction project will include a plan for pedestrian traffic. Simply closing a sidewalk or posting a
non-useful DETOUR sign (as was done on this project – without there being an actual detour) is not
acceptable. Wayne Schneider discussed concern with Physical Facilities with assurances that the
PSAC recommendations would be followed
Lot S3 Turnaround:
Lot has not been painted to permit a vehicle turnaround, so students are backing down the road
creating a dangerous situation.
 Date logged in12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): PSAC
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Status and date of status : CLOSED
Responsible Party (name and email contact)
Action Taken: The turnaround has been painted
Access road between Delaware and C4:
Access road has become a very busy pedestrian thoroughfare and very busy with traffic and taxis
creating a very dangerous situation.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler
 Status and date of status : CLOSED
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): NYSUP
 Action Taken: No parking or standing signs were erected in this area. Taxi Staging Area sign was
posted on East Drive outside of the Access Road.
East Campus Construction:
Mud in Roadways
Excessive mud in roadways is a hazard to pedestrians and vehicles
 Date logged in: 12/6/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): NYSUP and Bill Ziegler
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): Contractor has
been responsive and problem seems resolved for now – but is remaining open while construction is
under way.
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Physical Facilities and LeChase
 Action Taken: Contractor has taken action – safety concern remains open
Hinman College:
Sleigh riding/ Tray sledding:
Dangers of sleigh riding (aka tray sledding using dining hall trays) along the rocks near Roosevelt Hall.
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Marissa Fielstein mfielst1@binghamton.edu BU student
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): n/a
 Action Taken : Upon initial review by the PSAC, no action was going to be taken as per the PSAC
reply to Ms. Fielsten. However, Ms. Fielstein feels that the PSAC did not investigate the correct
location, so Bill Ziegler and Dan Chambers met with her in early February 2012 to clarify the
location in question. Additionally, the PSAC reviewed the location and made a determination that
no further action will be taken.
 Original Reply (partial) to Ms. Fielstein:
The Personal Safety Advisory Committee (PSAC) reviewed your concern and several of us visited the
location. The solution to post a sign is not quite as simple as it may seem. The problem is that the
University cannot condone tray sledding anywhere on campus and to post a warning only behind
Roosevelt Hall could imply that tray sledding is not dangerous in other locations where the signs are
not posted. The only way to prevent injuries from tray sledding would be for the University to
formally ban all tray sledding on campus and we do not feel that we want to take that drastic of an
approach at this time. Additionally, we cannot send emails to students on snow days about
sledding, or we would have to send the same kind of warnings about driving, walking, dressing
properly, etc. and then where would we draw the line.
Library North
The light in the entrance hall (1st door, Library North, off the handicap
parking lot) is out, which means you walk in darkness until you can open the
door to the main hallway, first floor.
Jaimee Wriston Colbert
Professor of English and Creative Writing
www.jaimeewristoncolbert.com
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Responsible Party (name and email contact): Facilities
Action Taken : A switch near the door had been turned off
Siren/Alarm Test Feedback:
Concern: What does the siren mean, what should everyone on campus do when the siren is heard?
 Date logged in: 12/1/11
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): NYSUP
 Action Taken : PSAC discussion – clearer instructions need to be disseminated prior to any future
testing. NYSUP notified.
Other:
Alcohol Transports:
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler/Res-Life/Student Affairs
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed to PSAC –
other BU parties under VP Brian Rose have taken responsibility.
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Student Affairs
 Action Taken: Bill Ziegler had several discussions with VP Brian Rose - other BU parties have taken
responsibility.
Off Campus Safety:
 Date logged in: 12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Student Affairs
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed to PSAC –
other BU parties under VP Brian Rose have taken responsibility.
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): Student Affairs
 Action Taken: Bill Ziegler had several discussions with VP Brian Rose - other BU parties have taken
responsibility.
Occupy or similar events, peaceful or not
What assurance do we have that BU is prepared?
 Date logged in:12/1/2011
 Reported by (name and email contact): Bill Ziegler
 Status and date of status (open for review, under review, work pending, closed): closed
 Responsible Party (name and email contact): NYSUP
 Action Taken: Bill Ziegler met with Chief Faughnan and VP VanVoorst and was assured that BU is
prepared