© Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Another Presentation © 2002 - All rights Reserved nygiantsbigblue@yahoo.com © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Announcements: • Last homework due tomorrow in lecture ! See www.astro.umd.edu/~astr100/section to make sure you have the correct questions • Bonus Prizes • Grade updates • Final Exam – 200 points – same format as previous two exams • Jeopardy review today © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Round 1 $ Round 2 Final Jeopardy $ $ BAZ © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Galaxies & Cosmology Cosmology I Galaxies Solar System $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 Final Jeopardy $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 Scores $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500 Stars MISC. Round 2 © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Describes the maximum distance that light can travel in the Universe’s age © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is the “Cosmic Horizon” Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Evidence for the “Hot Big Bang” © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the (a)Redshifted CMB observed at 2.7 K (b) More dense and hotter in past since galaxies are expanding Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Stars that are young, metal-rich and blueish in color © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What are Population I stars (found in disk of spiral galaxies) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Extremely luminous distant galaxies © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are QUASARS Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Abnormally luminous spiral galaxies © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are Seyfert Galaxies Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The central portion of a spiral galaxy, roughly spherical or football shaped © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is “the bulge” Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The two main categories of galaxies © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What are SPIRALS and ELLIPTICALS Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The unusually luminous centers of some galaxies, though to be powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What are Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The nearest large spiral galaxy to the Milky Way © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is Andromeda (aka. M 31) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Process whereby small galaxies are captured and absorbed by larger ones © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is Galactic Cannibalism Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 An object that orbits a planet © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is a moon Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The phase of the moon if you hear that there is a full solar eclipse in Cairo, Egypt today. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a NEW MOON Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 Three main parts of a comet © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the NUCLEUS, the HALO, and the TAIL (ion and dust) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A huge, spherical region centered on the Sun extending perhaps halfway to the nearest stars, in which trillions of comets orbit the sun with random inclinations, orbital directions and eccentricities. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is the Oort Cloud Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 The 4 Galilean moons © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What are “Io, Europa, Ganymede & Callisto”? Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 The process in which two or more smaller nuclei slam together and make one larger nucleus, releasing energy. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is nuclear fusion Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The maximum possible mass for a white dwarf, also called the Chandrasekhar limit. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is 1.4 Solar Masses Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 An object too small to become an ordinary star because electron degeneracy pressure halts its gravitational collapse before fusion becomes self-sustaining © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is a Brown Dwarf Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A useful type of star to determine distances because of its unique relation between the time periods in its brightness fluctuations and its absolute magnitude. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is a Cepheid Variable Star Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 A spinning neutron star © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is a PULSAR? Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Matter that we infer to exist from its gravitational effects but from which we have not detected any light. Apparently dominates the total mass of the universe. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is Dark Matter Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The event that gave birth to the universe © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the Big Bang Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 If gravity ever reverses the universal expansion, the universe will someday begin to collapse and end this way. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is the Big Crunch. Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 Remnant radiation from the Big Bang, detected using radio telescopes, and seemingly isotropic. (WMAP results) © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. (CMB) Redshifted to 2.7 K Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 Einstein’s biggest blunder © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is a 1917 addition of the “ad hoc” cosmological constant to his field equations, in order to produce a static universe. Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 Refers to gas and dust that fills the space between stars in a galaxy © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $100 What is the interstellar medium (ISM) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 A situation that at least at first, seems to violate common sense or contradict itself. Resolving often leads to a deeper understanding. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a paradox Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 The idea that the sky should be bright at night because of light from many distant stars and galaxies, but it is not! © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $300 What is Olbers’ paradox Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 The name given to hypothetical tunnels through hyperspace that might connect two distance places in our universe, such as black holes in galaxies. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are wormholes Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 The equation (V = const * D) describing the velocity of recession of a galaxy as a function of its distance is known as this. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $500 What is Hubble’s law Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved LAWS & THEORIES diagram Sky Appearnce & Lunar Phases $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 Final Jeopardy $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 Scores $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $600 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 $800 Spectra HR- The MISC SOLAR SYSTEM $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 $1000 Round 1 © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Kepler’s 3rd law allows us to calculate the mass of a central object by knowing these two quantites © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is ORBITAL PERIOD & DISTANCE from the central object Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 If instead of 1 AU away from the Sun, the Earth were 5 AU away, the force of attraction between the Earth and the Sun would chance by this amount © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is reduced by 25 (or 1/25th the original force) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 The balance between these two quantities keeps a star from collapsing onto itself when it is on the main sequence © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is GRAVITY & RADIATION PRESSURE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 Hubble’s law states that knowing this property allows one to know an object’s distance © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is VELOCITY of RECESSION (or redshift) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 Cepheid variables are important indicators of distance because of the unique relationship that they possess between these two quantities © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is PERIOD & LUMINOSITY Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 By finding the most intense wavelength of a star’s spectrum, on e can determine this stellar property © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is TEMPERATURE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 We see these when electrons in atoms are “jumping” from higher to lower energy levels © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What are EMISSION LINES Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 A galaxy moving towards us shows spectral lines shifted toward this end of the spectrum © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is BLUESHIFTED Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 A long photon wavelength corresponds to (low/high) energy and (red/blue) color. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is “LOW” and “RED” Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 The electrons in this absorb energy and produce lines seen in an absorption spectrum © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is a COOL GAS or ATMOSPHERE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The current ordering of spectral class (OBAFGKM) is based on this property of stars © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is SURFACE TEMPERATURE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 A very cool star which has a luminosity 100 times the solar luminosity is most likely this kind of star. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is a RED GIANT Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 Based on the distribution of nearby stars, our galaxy is composed mostly of stars of this spectral type. © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 M stars (LOW mass) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 After hydrogen fusion in the core ceases and a hydrogen-burning shell develops a little later, the Sun will evolve into this kind of star © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is a RED GIANT Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 A G2 star will stay on the main sequence for about this long © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is about 10 billion years Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 Season’s occur as a result of this © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is the EARTH’S tilt Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 This is the phase of the moon during which solar eclipses may occur © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is a NEW MOON Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 These stars never set below an observer’s horizon © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What are CIRCUMPOLAR STARS Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 This means the same side of the MOON is always facing the EARTH © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is SYNCHRONOUS rotation (caused by TIDAL forces) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 In the geocentric model of the Solar System, epicycles were invented to explain this © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is RETROGRADE MOTION Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 The asteroid belt is between the orbits of these two planets © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is MARS and JUPITER Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 This planet is often called Earth’s twin because of its similar mass and diamter © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is VENUS Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 This is the only moon with a sizeable atmosphere © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is TITAN Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 These planets have known ring systems © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What are the JOVIAN planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 This is the primary reason that the inner planets and the outer planets have very different compositions © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is CONDENSATION TEMPERATURES during formation Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 This plot of velocity vs. distance gives us information about the mass in a spiral galaxy © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $200 What is a ROTATION CURVE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 This type of galaxy has the most star formation © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $400 What is an IRRGEGULAR GALAXY Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 This stellar property has the greatest effect on the evolution of a star © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $600 What is MASS Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 The reason that the surface of a balloon is a good analogy for the shape of the Universe is because of lack of these two things © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $800 What is a CENTER and an EDGE Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 This is the stuff which is hypothesized to explain the acceleration of the Universe’s expansion © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved $1000 What is DARK ENERGY Scores © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved Milky Way Scores Final Jeopary Question © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved The distance in light-years of a)Our solar system to the bulge b) the thickness of the Milky Way’s disk c) one edge of the Milky Way to the other © Mark E. Damon - All Rights Reserved a)~28,000 light years b) 1,000 light years c) 100,000 light years Scores