TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION III - Biology 1407, C&R 9e
KNOW AND UNDERSTAND ALL TOPICS AS A FUNCTION OF THE CONCEPT CHECK
HEADINGS IN YOUR TEXT!!
This exam will be weighted in question number and difficulty in favor of Chapters 45-49. There will only
be fifteen (15) multiple choice questions from Chapters 35-39, and there will be no essay questions from
Chapters 35-39. This addresses the unequal amount of lecture and laboratory time spent on the plants.
CHAPTER 45
Know the major glands and hormones of the endocrine system. Which hormones are steroids and which
are proteins/peptides? What is the hypothalamus and which hormones does it release? What are the
hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? What are the hormones produced by the posterior pituitary?
What are the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? What are the hormones produced by the adrenal
medulla? Know the action of the hormone antagonist pairs, for example insulin/glucagon, and parathyroid
hormone/calcitonin. Which organ has both endocrine and exocrine function? Why do hormones act on
only certain cells to which they are specific? Be aware that cells of neural origin often have endocrine
ability. Be able to give examples of this.
CHAPTER 46
Why is sexual reproduction important, and how does it differ in function from asexual reproduction?
Know and understand steps, stages, and cell names during oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Be able to
compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis. KNOW THE STAGES AND THE
HORMONES OF THE FEMALE OVARIAN AND MENSTRUAL CYCLES. How are these two
cycles correlated hormonally? Know the reproductive structure of the human male and female. What is
HCG and why is it important?
CHAPTER 47
Know the steps of human fertilization - acrosomal/cortical reactions, blocks to polyspermy, etc. Know
zygote development from fertilization to neurulation, in proper order. What is different about mitosis
during development? How does yolk affect mitosis? What is a blastomere? What are endoderm,
mesoderm, and ectoderm, how are they formed, where in the developing embryo are they found? What is
a morula, a blastula, a blastopore, a gastrula, an archenteron, a neural plate, a notochord, a somite, a
primitive streak? WHAT IS GASTRULATION? WHAT PURPOSES DOES GASTRULATION
SERVE IN EMBRYOGENESIS? BE ABLE TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST HOLOBLASTIC
AND MEROBLASTIC GASTRULATION IN FROG AND CHICK EMBRYOS.
CHAPTER 48
WHAT IS AN ACTION POTENTIAL? HOW DOES IT ARISE FROM A RESTING
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL? BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE ALL STAGES OF THE ACTION
POTENTIAL AND HOW IT IS PROPAGATED FROM CELL BODY TO SYNAPTIC
TERMINUS. What is the difference between a ligand gated ion channel receptor and a voltage gated ion
channel receptor? Is neural response increased with increasing voltage change? Know and understand the
process of neural conduction and transmission. What is saltatory conduction?
How do neurotransmitters work at synapses in order to generate IPSP's and EPSP's? Understand how
summation of IPSP's and EPSP's works at the axon hillock. What are the major excitatory and inhibitory
neurotransmitters used in nervous systems?
CHAPTER 49
What is the CNS, and what are the types and functions of the glial cells associated with it? What are the
divisions of the autonomic nervous system within the PNS, and what are their general properties, relative
to each other? What function are Broca's and Wernicke's regions associated with? Know the three regions
of the brain, and the general control functions for which each is responsible. Be able to identify the lobes
of the brain by name and position. Which is the area of highest cognition in the human brain, and where is
it located?
CHAPTER 50
What is sensory adaptation, and why is it important to information processing? How is hearing
propagated? Know and understand the functions and relationships of the vestibular canal, the tympanic
canal, the cochlear duct, the basilar membrane, the tectorial membrane, the organ of Corti, the cochlea,
hair cells, tympanic membrane, the round window, the oval window. How do we maintain balance using
our inner ear? What are semicircular canals? What are rod cells and cone cells? Where are they
concentrated? With which type of cell do they synapse? Which of these is more sensitive to
photostimulation? Which of these detect color? Know the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
Know the molecular stages of skeletal muscle contraction thoroughly, and in proper order. What are thick
filaments? What are thin filaments? What is actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, transverse tubules? Which cation is important in muscle contraction, and what is its role? What
is a lateral line?
CHAPTERS 35 – 39
What are the major tissue types found in land plants? What is meristematic tissue? What are mycorrhizae?
What is xylem and how does water move within it? What is phloem and how does sugar move within it?
What are stomata and what do they do? From what does the dry biomass of a plant originate? What is
nitrogen fixation, and why is it of such importance to plants? Which type of plants usually possess
nitrogen fixing root nodules? What is the major genus of nitrogen fixing bacteria which are symbiotically
associated with some plants? Why do plants use photoperiod to control flowering and dormancy? Why
are plants important to us? Know the major plant hormones and their effects on plants. Know the names
and any functions of the cells produced by the female angiosprm megaspore. What is double fertilization
in angiosperms? What is endosperm, what is its ploidy, and why is it important? Know the ordered steps
of alternation of generations in angiosperm plants. Where are the male and female gametophytes of
flowering plants? Know the meaning of pollination and fertilization.