CHAPTER 7 MEMORY memory: the mental processes that allow us to store and retrieve information.
3 processes of memory:
1) encoding: changing information so the information can be entered and retained into the memory parts of the brain
2) storage: the process of retaining information so it can be used later consolidation: the chemical processes that take place for memory to be stored happens
3) retrieval: the process of recalling information stored in memory
3 types of memory
1) Sensory memory: where information comes in from sense organs like your eyes and ears it’s the in memory visual lasts approximately auditory lasts approximately sensory memory does not
2) Short-term memory: whatever you perceive to be important from sensory memory is carried over into short-term memory short-term memory is your are consciously aware of what you are thinking, it’s active all processing of info done here
, you stores the information is stored here for approximately you can hold things in short-term memory longer
maintenance rehearsal: continually repeating, or rehearsing something to help remember it
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Your short-term memory can hold
displacement: when you have too much info in short-term memory, the old information is thrown out
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chunking: grouping similar items together
EX: how many items you are able to hold in short-term memory also has to do with genetics if it is easy for your parents to remember a telephone number, then it may be easy for you to remember numbers if it’s not easy for your parents, you may not be able to remember either
3) Long-term memory: where information is stored for longer periods of time is limitless
2 types of long-term memory, nondeclarative and declarative
1) Nondeclarative memory: holds step-by-step procedures, also called
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2) Declarative memory: also called allows you to consciously recall information
episodic memory: allows you to recall specific events, things that have happened
semantic memory: where you hold facts and general info, even definitions is like an encyclopedia or dictionary
Ways to Measure Memory
cued recall: remember information when given a hint
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total recall: you remember completely on your own with no cues
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recognition: the answer is already there, you have to identify what’s correct from among several choices
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serial recall: you remember orders or series
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The easiest of these is
context effect: recalling information more easily when in the same setting as when you originally learned the information
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state-dependent effect: recalling information more easily when in the same internal state as when you originally learned the information
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Reasons Why We Forget
encoding failure: when information is not encoded into long-term memory
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consolidation failure: the chemical processes of consolidation are disrupted
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decay: if you don’t use information in long-term memory at some point, can lose it
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proactive interference: old information interferes with new information
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retroactive interference: new information interferes with old information
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retrieval failure: the information cannot be found in long-term memory you know the information is there, just can’t remember it right now
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Reconstruction when you reconstruct a memory, you are trying to eyewitness testimony is the
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Amnesia
amnesia: severe memory loss
2 types of amnesia:
1) retrograde amnesia: inability to remember things from the past
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2) anterograde amnesia: inability to store new memories
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What is your earliest memory?
infantile amnesia: hippocampus is not fully functioning until about 2 years old
Ways to Improve Memory
1. Get organized
2. Overlearn
3. Small, spaced-out study sessions
4. Study out loud
5. Study in your own words