Review Sheet for Test 4
Anthropology 2351
Chapter 10
1.
Levi and Fallens suggest that the socialization function is the basis for the family
2.
Heider’s definition of the nuclear family
3.
Murdock’s 4 key functions of the nuclear family
4.
Two types of nuclear family (orientation, procreation)
5.
Heider claims that the nuclear family is far from the most common kind of family cross-culturally
6.
Heider’s idea of a “household as it differs from a “family
7.
The nuclear type of family is not only present in industrialized nations like the U.S. and Canada, but
also in foraging societies
8.
Non-nuclear families (as opposed to nuclear and extended)
9.
D.I.N.K.s (double income no kids)
10. Blended family
11. Adoptive children
12. Hillary Clinton’s It Takes a Village and parentage
13. extended family
14. Levy and Fallens argue that they do not think that the main unit of socialization in the extended family
is the nuclear family sub-unit
15. expanded family households
16. collateral household
17. Expanded family households in some cases are unable to survive economically as a nuclear family so
relatives band together and pool their resources
18. matrilocality
19. patrilocality
20. neolocality
21. avunculocality
22. natolocality
23. unilocal
24. descent group
25. unilineal descent
26. non-lineal or ambilineal descent
27. patrilineal descent
28. matrilineal descent
29. Heider’s 3 attributes of descent groups (exogamous, corporate and totemic and what they mean)
30. lineages
31. segmentary lineage system
32. clans
33. sibs
34. phratry
35. moiety
36. apical ancestor (can they be plant or animal?)
37. demonstrated descent
38. stipulated descent
39. affines
40. consanguines
41. Genealogical kin types refer to the actual genealogical relationships such as a father’s brother and not
an uncle
42. Kroeber’s culture neutral approach
43. In the early days of kinship analysis emic terms were used, but serious misunderstandings arose due to
this method
44. Kottak’s 4 ways of classifying kin (define them)
45. Lineal kinship is important because it distinguishes between lineal and collateral relatives
46. collateral relatives
47. In bifurcate collateral terminology there are 6 kin types (name them)
Chapter 11
1.
Heider’s definition of marriage
2.
Stockard’s definition of marriage
3.
Marriage is constructed from the many distinctive values, practices and institutions that shape every
society
4.
Practice theory (and marriage)
5.
Gender theory (and marriage)
6.
Genitor
7.
Pater
8.
Exogamy
9.
Exogamy is one of the most accepted explanations for the incest taboo
10. Endogamy
11. Formal endogamic rules are much less common than exogamic rules. However, most societies are
endogamous units they just do not have formal rules.
12. The ____ system of India is an extreme example of endogamy (despite this group subsets are
exogamous).
13. 2 functions of brother-sister marriage (manifest, latent)
14. Incest
15. Kottak claims all cultures have taboos against incest (an argument for sociobiology), but Goody sees
the notion of incest itself as difficult to define cross-culturally. In an illustration of Goody’s idea, the
Mossi male child marries his father’s wives after the father dies.
16. Incest is supposed to be characterized by a particular horror
17. Heider’s 6 contributing factors to incest prohibitions
18. Eugenics
19. One psychological argument (Sigmund Freud) suggest that people raised together will be strongly
attracted. However, another argument claims that people who live in the same house for a long period
of time will develop a habit of avoidance
20. Leach notes that marriage sometimes accomplishes 6 issues (not always)
21. Kottak’s 6 issues concerning same sex marriage (a response to Leach)
22. In non-industrial states marriage is more often a relationship between groups than one between
individuals (this does not preclude romantic love)
23. Bridewealth (also, it compensates her family for loss of companionship and labor)
24. Progeny price
25. As the value of bridewealth increases marriages become more stable
26. Dowry
27. Dowry tends to create low female status
28. Delayed transfer marriage
29. Minor marriage
30. Cousin marriage and 2 types (parallel and cross)
31. Levirate marrriage
32. Sororate marriage
33. Ghost marriage
34. “male bride” marriage (Japan)
35. arranged marriage (creates alliances between groups)
36. Love marriage
37. Monogamy
38. Polygyny
39. Multiple wives generally indicate high social position for the male
40. Polyandry
41. Polyandry is rare
42. Polyandrous-polygynous marriage
43. The ease of divorce varies cross-culturally
44. Divorce increases after wars and decrease in bad economic times
Chapter 12
1.
Gender
2.
“Sex” usually refers to the biological differences between men and women (know the chromosomes)
3.
sexual dimorphism
4.
Primary (sexual) attributes
5.
Secondary (sexual) attributes
6.
The sexes also vary by weight height, strength and longevity
7.
Secondary sexual attributes are not entirely representative of the sex of birth or the chromosomes
8.
Culture takes biological differences and associates them with certain activities, behavior and ideas
9.
Some cultures recognize more than 2 genders
10. Bolin’s definition of “drag queen” and its importance (a cultural appropriation of the female gender
while remaining a homosexual male)
11. Bolin’s transvestite definition
12. Crossdressers and ethnotheory
13. Bolin’s transsexual definition
14. Dr. Benjamin sees transsexualism and transvestitism as symptoms of a psychopathological condition
(not insane, but a problem), specifically, sex or gender role disorientation or indecision
15. Dr. Benjamin’s typology (continuum)
16. Transsexuals may date women, men or be bi-sexual
17. Androgynous
18. Hermaphrodites
19. Eunuchs
20. Gender roles
21. Gender stratification
22. Ong notes that we must distinguish between prestige systems and actual power in a given society (high
male prestige may not entail economic or political power held by men over families)
23. In terms of the division of labor, there are some activities that either sex can do and others that may
arise due to the greater size and strength of males
24. In foraging societies gender stratification was more marked when men contributed much more to the
diet than women
25. Gathering is usually performed by women, but contrary to early findings, hunting usually supplies
more food
26. If gathering is emphasized societies are more egalitarian
27. Gender status is more equal when the domestic and private spheres are not sharply divided
28. Gender roles and stratification among horticulturalists vary widely depending on the economy and
social structure
29. Female status is high in matrilineal and matrilocal societies (horticultural society)
30. Patrilineal and patrilocal groups tend to keep male relatives together offering an advantage for warfare
(horticultural society)
31. Matrifocal
32. Matrifocal societies reduce gender stratification (horticultural society)
33. Gender stratification increases in patrilineal-patrilocal societies and men tend to dominate the prestige
hierarchy (horticultural society)
34. Men use their roles in warfare and trade and their greater prestige to symbolize and reinforce the
devaluation or oppression of women
35. Sexual orientation
36. Sexual orientation has been seen recently as fixed and probably biologically based
37. Know the 4 “sexualities”
38. Sexual norms and mores are often in dispute
39. As horticulture changed to agriculture women lost their roles as primary cultivators (men plowed due
to grater strength and size)
40. Women became cut off from production in order to raise children (agriculture)
41. Belief systems developed contrasting men’s valuable extradomestic labor to women’s “inferior”
domestic role
42. As the nuclear family became more common it isolated a wife from her kin (loss of support group and
power)
43. Dowry murders and sati are cited as blatant examples of patriarchy
44. Patriarchy
45. The importance of males in some cultures can lead to female infanticide or neglect due to the
importance of maintaining the male line (patrilineal)
46. Domestic violence is also seen as arising from patriarchy and arises (Kottak’s idea) from women’s
isolation from kinfolk
47. The domestic-public dichotomy also affects gender stratification in industrial societies
48. The traditional role of the female as housewife developed with industrial changes around 1900
49. Attitudes about women working in the industrial are varied by class and region
50. The World War II era brought an increase in female employment due to needs for wartime production
51. Today, female employment is increasing (industrial era)
52. A women’s role in the home is stressed in periods of high unemployment (industrial era)
53. Feminization of poverty
54. Many American women continue to work part time for low wages and meager benefits
55. At a global level, households headed by women tend to be poorer than those headed by men
ANSWER KEY
Chap 8 key
Reliable, predictable