Review Sheet for Test 2
Anthropology 2351
Chapter 4
1.
Heider’s culture definition
2.
Kottak claims that only ________ have cultural learning which depends on symbols
3.
Biological reductionism
4.
Sociobiology
5.
In the sociobiology controversy, Pastore claims that those with _________ political views tend to
believe in the power of genes over the environment, whereas those holding _________ political views
tend to believe in the power of the environment over genes.
6.
Animals learn from ______, but human cultural learning depends on the (apparently) unique ability to
use _________.
7.
Symbols
8.
Tabula rasa
9.
Behaviorism
10. Conditioning
11. Kottak’s “culture is shared culture definition”
12. Kluckhohn and Murray’s idea that anthropology deals with the notion that “in some ways some people
are the same.”
13. Heider’s culture is ideas can be described to a large extent by the notion of a ________
14. Schema
15. Symbol
16. Symbolic thought is _________ and crucial to humans and cultural learning
17. Symbols are usually ________, but there are also nonverbal symbols
18. Culture takes our natural biological urges that we share with animals and teaches us how to express
them in particular ways.
19. Culture not only encompasses “high” culture, but can also deal with popular culture.
20. ________ integrates each culture and help distinguish it from others (a shared personality trait)
21. Culture can be located on an individualism/groupism continuum
22. Culture is contested (groups struggler over it)
23. Common symbols can have different meanings or shades of meaning for different people
24. Some anthropologists distinguish between ______ and real culture—know what they are
25. Cultures can be adaptive or maladaptive, but often this depends on ___________
26. Society
27. Flexible citizenship
28. Culture (as compared with society)—hint: fuzzy category
29. National culture
30. Heider claims that there is a ______ American culture
31. International culture
32. Diffusion
33. Subcultures
34. Anthropologists are reluctant to use the term subculture because it connotes “below” or “inferior”
35. Ethnocentrism
36. Anthropology and cultural relativism the “enemies” of ethnocentrism
37. Cultural relativism
38. Human rights are usually seen as inalienable
39. Inalienable
40. Human rights are focused in 3 areas
41. Human rights challenges cultural relativism by invoking a _______ and a ______ beyond and superior
to particular countries, religions and cultures
42. Cultural rights
43. 4 focus areas for cultural rights
44. Indigenous property rights
45. Universal
46. Generalities
47. Cultures borrow from each other to form generalities
48. Particularities
49. Diffusion
50. 3 kinds of diffusion
51. acculturation
52. “disacculturation”
53. assimilation
54. integration
55. “disassimilation”
56. Independent invention
57. Globalization
58. Neoliberalism
59. A negative reaction to globalization is __________
Chapter 5
1.
2 main approaches to race
2.
Parrillo suggests that racial classification is merely a __________ construct not a biological absolute
3.
Clines
4.
Kottak’s main reason for racial classification falling out of favor with biology is due to is that scientists
have trouble grouping people into distinct racial units
5.
A race is supposed to reflect shared genetic material, but early scholars used phenotype (skin color) for
classification
6.
Problems with racial labels
1.
2.
3.
4.
they do not accurately describe skin color
the three initial groupings of Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid did not cover all groups,
therefore races had to be added
phenotypical characteristics supposedly reflect genetic material that is shared and has stayed the
same for a long time, but phenotypes do not have a genetic basis
Other indicators such as height can arise due to environment and not genetics
7.
Natural Selection
8.
Melanin
9.
Melanin offers a protection against a variety of maladies including sunburn and skin color
10. Kottak believes that natural selection or resistance levels to ultra violet radiation explains the
geographic distribution of skin color
11. The races that we hear about everyday are _______ constructed and have little to do with biological
differences
12. Descent
13. Hypodescent
14. Cognition
15. Stratification
16. Jensonism (a theory of innate superiority)
17. Kornblum argues that The Bell Curve claims that inequality in the U.S. is increasingly because of
biological differences
18. Opposition to The Bell curve (3 reasons)
19. Murray’s 3 important conclusions in the Bell Curve
20. One problem with I.Q. tests is that bilinguals score less well on them due to focusing on 2 different
languages as opposed to students who just focus on English (testing in the U.S.)
21. Heider notes that intelligence is difficult enough to describe in a singular culture and that it is much
more difficult to describe cross-culturally
22. Gardner’s theory of “multiple intelligences” (know all 7 and what they mean)
Chapter 6
1.
Ethnicity
2.
Parrillo’s definition of ethnicity
3.
Ethnic group
4.
Feelings about one’s ethnicity can vary within a country and over time
5.
The importance of ________ can change during a life cycle
6.
Members of an ethnic group have shared and differing experiences
7.
Status
8.
Ascribed status
9.
Achieved status
10. Meritocracy
11. Situational negotiation of social identity
12. Nation
13. State
14. Nation-state
15. Nationalities
16. “imagined communities”
17. diasporas
18. Colonialism
19. “divide and rule policy”
20. Negritude
21. Khapoya’s negative issues concerning colonialism (1. hindered economic development, 2. increased
interethnic rivalries (indirect rule), 3. problems with traditional authority patterns, 4. Created artificial
boundaries that cause later political problems,)
22. Indirect rule (and associated nation)
23. Direct rule (and associated nation)
24. Khapoya’s 5 positive aspects of colonization
25. Assimilation
26. Parrillo’s majority conformity (hint: A+B+C=A) also known as Stewart’s “transmuting pot” theory
27. Gordon’s 7 phases of assimilation and what they mean (1. Cultural Assimilation (acculturation), 2.
Marital assimilation, 3. Structural assimilation, 4. Identificational assimilation, 5. Attitude-Receptional
assimilation, 6. Behavior-Receptional assimilation, 7. Civic assimilation)
28. Amalgamation or “melting pot theory” (hint: A+B+C=D)
29. Plural society (hint: A+B+C=A+B+C)
30. Parrillo’s 2 types of pluralism
31. Multiculturalism
32. Prejudice
33. Stereotypes
34. Discrimination
35. 2 types of discrimination in terms of the law
36. 2 types of discrimination
37. ethnocide
38. forced assimilation
39. Colonialism is a force of oppression
40. Thompson and Hickey’s “neo-colonialism”
41. Cultural colonialism
42. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd “worlds”
43. Kornblum’s 4th “world”
44. Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory (Core States, Semiperipheral areas and Peripheral Areas and how
they are defined)
ANSWER KEY
Chap.4
Humans
Conservative, liberal
Experience, symbol
Schema
Unique
Linguistic
Core values
Ideal
Subjectivities
Singular
Justice, morality
Religious fundamentalism
Chap. 5
Sociopolitical
Culturally
Chap. 6
Ethnic identity