Final Review Sheet (Morris Chapters 1 - 19)
Dr. Solti
This review is meant to serve as a guide to ensure your notes are complete. You will need to be able to
do/understand and READ YOUR BOOK! Simply filling out this review sheet will not be enough to earn a good
grade.
Chapters 1-4
• Know the Scientific Method
• Characteristics of living things versus nonliving things
• Know characteristics of viruses and why they are not living things
• Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
• 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
• Central Dogma
• Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells
• Know definition of Taxonomy, the 8 taxons, binomial nomenclature
• Know 3 Domains of Life
• Know evolution
• Know definition of chemistry, matter, elements
• Number of protons and electrons of an element if given characteristics
• Molecular formula if given the valence electrons (or atomic number) of atoms
• Bonds: Covalent bonds, both polar and nonpolar, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds
• Understand what electronegativity has to do with bonding, and the rules of electronegativity
• Valence electrons of carbon
• Surface tension of water
• pH and the concentration of hydrogen ions
• Macromolecules/Polymers and their monomers and their bonds
• The chemistry of amino acids
• Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis
• Structure/ function of nucleotides and nucleic acids
• differences between DNA and RNA
• nucleotides in DNA, RNA or both; and their bonds
• be able to give a complimentary sequence if given the sequence of one strand of DNA/RNA
• Chargoff's Rule of A to T, and C to G
• Carbohydrates, monomers, bonds, naming sugars and specific examples
• The relationships between Chromosomes, genes, DNA and proteins
• DNA sequence, structure, bonds, template strand, anti-parallel
• Steps of transcription, where it takes place in eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
• be able to go from a template DNA strand to a corresponding mRNA strand
• Fate of eukaryotic primary transcript
 Translation, steps, where it takes place
 Gene expression
 Be able to use Table 4.1/The Codon Dictionary to generate a protein if given an mRNA strand sequence of
DNA double strand
Chapters 5- 8
 Know the Cell Theory
 Know all of the components of a plasma membrane
 Understand the Fluid Mosaic Model
 Know the selective permeability of membranes
 Understand simple diffusion, osmosis, effects of osmosis on animal cells/plant cells, facilitated diffusion,
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Final Review Sheet (Morris Chapters 1 - 19)
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Dr. Solti
and active transport. Know which ones are passive vs. active.Be able to figure out the fate of an animal cell
placed in a certain type of solution.
Know the characteristics of prokaryotic cells vs. eukaryotic cells
Know the differences between animal eukaryotic cells and plant eukaryotic cells
Know all organelles: nucleus, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, Golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria,
chloroplasts. Know their characteristics and what cells(s) they are found in.
Understand catabolism (characteristics and examples) vs. anabolism
Understand definition and different forms of energy
Know the 1st and 2nd Laws of Thermodynamics
Understand - delta G, + delta G, delta G = 0; exergonic vs. endergonic reactions
Know the structure of ATP, its hydrolysis, energetic coupling, and how ATP works
Understand Activation Energy and rate of a reaction
Understand enzymes, their shape, active site, enzyme/substrate complex
Define oxidation and reduction
Understand the general equation for cellular respiration (CR), what is oxidized and what is reduced,
characteristics of CR
Know the 4 stages of CR, where they occur, inputs/outputs
Know the ETC and OxPhos in detail
Know the general equation for photosynthesis (PS) and what is oxidized and reduced
Know structure of a chloroplast
Know the overview of PS and its 2 stages (inputs and outputs), and where they occur in chloroplast
Know where oxygen comes from in PS
Chapters 9-12
 4 essential elements of communication
 4 key steps in cell signaling
 4 types of cell signaling
 terms "ligand" and "ligand-binding site"
 Cell surface receptor: G-protein coupled (adrenaline signaling in heart muscle), receptor kinase (kinase adds a
Pi; phosphatase removes a Pi; mutations called kit), ligand-gated ion channel (between neurons and neuron and
muscle cells)
 Cell-signaling and cancer
 Mitosis is a reproducing division (copying) that leads to division of one cell into 2 daughter cells, each with the
genetically identical 46 chromosomes. Used to make somatic cells. Have no homologues, no synapsis, no
tetrads, no crossing over.
 Mitosis: division of the nucleus and the chromosomes
 Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm and cell
o In animals: occurs by cleavage furrow
o In plants: occurs as cell plate
 Know the definitions of : gene, chromatin, chromosomes, centromere, somatic cell, gamete, haploid, diploid,
fertilization
 Know the figure on The Cell Cycle------one generation of a cell
o Mitotic phases- shortest part of cell cycle (only 10%)
 Mitosis (M)
 Cytokinesis ( C )
o Interphase phases– nondividing , growth and development (90% of cell cycle)
 G1 – growth 1
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Final Review Sheet (Morris Chapters 1 - 19)
Dr. Solti
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S - DNA synthesis (this is where the sister chromatids are made): remember, “need to
multiply to divide”
 G2 – growth 2 and preparation for division
o Nerve and muscle cells stay permanently in G0 once they are developed
Know the Stages of Mitosis
o Prophase: longest phase of mitosis
 Condensation/shortening of sister chromatids: in nucleus
 Formation of mitotic spindle: in cytoplasm (comes from the centrosomes: which are the
microtubule-organizing centers)
o Prometaphase:
 Nuclear envelope disintegrates
 Kinetochore microtubules formed (puppets on a string)
o Metaphase:
 46 pairs of sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate
o Anaphase:
 Sister chromatids separate and go to opposite poles
o Telophase/C
 Nuclei are reformed
 Nucleoli are reformed
 Chromosomes become unobservable chromatin (chromosomes are only observable during
mitosis or meiosis)
 Cytokinesis occurs
Centromere: where the sister chromatids attach to each other in S phase and detach in Anaphase. If you have
12 centromeres, how many chromsosomes will you have in each daughter cell? 12
Meiosis is a reduction division; goes from 1 diploid pre-gamete cell to 4 haploid gametes; occurs in
testes/ovaries to make sex cells; leads to genetic variability
Know the Stages of Meiotic Cell Division
o Meiosis I: to separate homologues and make haploid cells
 Prophase I: homologues find each other and line up side by side (synapsis) to form a
tetrad/bivalent; then they do crossing over of chromatids (chiasmata where they cross over);
leads to tremendous variation
 Metaphase I: 23 tetrads (23 pairs of homologues and their sisters) line up at metaphase plate;
tetrads do independent assortment for how they line up; leads to tremendous variation
 Anaphase I: tetrads split up (homologues separate)
 Telophase I/Cytokinesis: 2 haploid cells form, but still have sister chromatids attached
o Meiosis II: to separate the sister chromatids (identical to mitosis)
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 Anaphase II: separate sister chromatids
 Telophase II/Cytokinesis: now have 4 haploid cells, each with 23 chromosomes
If an organism’s liver cells have 500 chromosomes each, how many chromosomes will each sperm cell have?
250
Understand the comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
Genetic variation in meiosis occurs during: Prophase I (crossing over), Metaphase I (independent assortment),
random fertilization
Cancer terminology & cancer
Multiple mutation model for cancer development
Review of DNA structure
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Final Review Sheet (Morris Chapters 1 - 19)
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Dr. Solti
Enzymes/Proteins of DNA replication
Semiconservative Model for replication
Replication occurs 5' to 3'
leading versus lagging strand
Telomeres and telomerase
PCR technique
Gel electrophoreisis
Chapters 13-17
 Definition of genome
 No relationship between genome size and complexity of eukaryote
 Humans have 2 sets of 23 chromosomes/total 46
 Know 6 levels of eukaryotic chromosome packing
 Mitochondria and chloroplasts have a little bit of their own DNA supercoiled
 Virus: also called a virion; not a living organism.
o Why? Obligate intracellular parasite, cannot independently have life, not a cell, inactive outside of host cells
 Basic structure, only 2 necessary pieces: genome (either SS or DS- DNA or RNA) and capsid (protein coat)
 Viral replication: viral DNA  viral RNA  viral protein
 The effects of point mutations
 Germ-line versus somatic-line mutations
 Somatic mutation and cancer
 Know definitions of: genotype, phenotype, polymorphisms, allele
 Know how to do Punnett Squares with blood type; snapdragons, sex-linked disorders
 Incomplete dominance with snapdragons
 Know how to do FOIL to get gametes
 Understand maternal inheritance
Note: both finals are heavy on the earlier chapters and also on Cellular Respiration.
Nothing on the finals from Chapters 18 or 19.
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