Perturbative Probes of Heavy Ion Collisions? W. A. Horowitz University of Cape Town June 13, 2012 With many thanks to Razieh Morad, Miklos Gyulassy, and Yuri Kovchegov 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 1 What Are We Interested In? • Measure manybody physics of strong force • Test & understand theory of manybody non-Abelian fields Long Range Plan, 2008 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 2 Four Known Forces Electromagnetism Gravity starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov John Maarschalk, travelblog.portfoliocollection.com Weak Strong lhs.lps.org/staff/sputnam/chem_notes/tritium_decay.gif 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 3 Many Body Electromagnetism • => Hanneke, Fogwell, and Gabrielse, PRL100 (2008) • “Simple” Hydrogen Phase Diagram Calculated, Burkhard Militzer, Diploma Thesis, Berlin, 2000 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 4 Many Body QCD • => PDG 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar de Florian, Sassot, Stratmann, PRD75 (2007) 5 QGP Energy Loss • Learn about E-loss mechanism – Most direct probe of DOF pQCD Picture AdS/CFT Picture 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 6 Hot Nuclear Matter: pQCD 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 7 pQCD Rad Picture • Bremsstrahlung Radiation – Weakly-coupled plasma • Medium organizes into Debye-screened centers – T ~ 350 (450) MeV, g ~ 1.9 (1.8) • m ~ gT ~ 0.7 (0.8) GeV • lmfp ~ 1/g2T ~ 0.8 (0.7) fm • RAu,Pb ~ 6 fm – 1/m << lmfp << L • multiple coherent emission Gyulassy, Levai, and Vitev, NPB571 (2000) – Bethe-Heitler – LPM dpT/dt ~ -LT3 log(pT/Mq) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar dpT/dt ~ -(T3/Mq2) pT 8 What About Elastic Loss? • Appreciable! • Finite time effects small Mustafa, PRC72 (2005) Adil, Gyulassy, WAH, Wicks, PRC75 (2007) – For pQCD comparisons with data, use WHDG Rad+El+Geom model; formalism valid for g/lq & hq 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 9 Qualitative Expectations for LHC – For approx. power law production and energy loss probability P(e), e = (Ei - Ef)/Ei – Asymptotically, pQCD => DE/E ~ log(E/m)/E • ~ flat RAA(pT) at RHIC • Rising RAA(pT) at LHC – True for glue, lights, & heavies – NB: LHC is a glue machine 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 10 pQCD Picture Inadequate at RHIC? PHENIX, PRL 105 (2010) PHENIX, PRL 98 (2007) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar Wicks et al., NPA784, 2007 11 Pert. at LHC energies? Constrain to RHIC • Best fit WHDG to PHENIX p0 RAA +200 – dNg/dy = 1400-375 PHENIX, PRC77 (2008) • Extremely conservative zero parameter extrapolation to LHC – Assume rmedium ~ dNch/dh – Keep as = 0.3 fixed 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 12 LHC Predictions vs. Data CMS 0-5% h± CMS 40-50% h± CMS, arXiv:1202.2554 CMS, arXiv:1204.1850 ALICE 0-20% D All data preliminary √s = 2.76 ATeV ALICE, arXiv:1203.2160 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 13 pQCD pp Predictions vs. Data PHENIX, PRC84 (2011) CMS, arXiv:1202.2554 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 14 Quant. (Qual?) Conclusions Require... • Further experimental results • Theoretically, investigation of the effects of – higher orders in • • • • as kT/xE MQ/E opacity (large) (large) (large?) (large?) – geometry • • • • • • uncertainty in IC coupling to flow Eloss geom. approx. t < t0 dyn. vs. static centers hydro background (small) (large?) (?) (large: see Buzzatti and Gyulassy) (see Djordjevic) (see Renk, Majumder) – better treatment of • Coh. vs. decoh. multigluons • elastic E-loss • E-loss in confined matter 6/30/2016 (see Mehtar-Tani) EMMI at GSI Seminar 15 (Data – pQCD)/Data CMS 40-50% h± CMS 0-5% h± LO Calculation 6/30/2016 ALICE 0-20% D EMMI at GSI Seminar 16 Attempt at NLO • Running coupling ansatz A Buzzatti, HP2012 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 17 Hot Nuclear Matter: AdS 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 18 Strong Coupling Calculation • The supergravity double conjecture: QCD SYM IIB – IF super Yang-Mills (SYM) is not too different from QCD, & – IF we believe Maldacena conjecture – Then a tool exists to calculate stronglycoupled QCD in SUGRA 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 19 Heavy Quark E-Loss in AdS/CFT • Model heavy quark jet energy loss by embedding string in AdS space dpT/dt = - m pT m = pl1/2 T2/2Mq – Similar to Bethe-Heitler dpT/dt ~ -(T3/Mq2) pT J Friess, S Gubser, G Michalogiorgakis, S Pufu, Phys Rev D75 (2007) – Very different from usual pQCD and LPM dpT/dt ~ -LT3 log(pT/Mq) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 20 Qual. Expectations: pQCD vs. AdS/CFT • For e = DpT/pT – Asymptotic pQCD erad ~ as L2 log(pT/Mq)/pT – Asymptotic AdS eST ~ 1 - Exp(-m L), m = pl1/2 T2/2Mq – Independent of pT and strongly dependent on Mq! – T2 dependence in exponent makes for a very sensitive probe – Expect: epQCD 0 vs. eAdS indep of pT!! • dRAA(pT)/dpT > 0 => pQCD; dRAA(pT)/dpT < 0 => ST 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 21 AdS/CFT and HQ at RHIC • String drag: qualitative agreement in heavy flavor sector WAH, PhD Thesis Akamatsu, Hatsuda, and Hirano, PRC79, 2009 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 22 AdS/CFT and HQ at LHC • D Predictions • B Predictions ALICE 0-20% D CMS B→J/y WAH, PANIC11 (arXiv:1108.5876) ALICE, arXiv:1203.2160 CMS, JHEP 1205 (2012) 063 • AdS HQ Drag appears to oversuppress D • Roughly correct description of B→J/y 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 23 Light Quark E-Loss in AdS Chesler et al., PRD79 (2009) • Complications: – string endpoints fall => painful numerics – relation to HI meas. • less obvious than HQ • In principle, compute Tmn from graviton emission – Extremely hard 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 24 AdS/CFT Lights E-Loss Prescription • Make jet def., hope not too diff from Tmn – Orig: define jet as string Dx ~ 1/T from end Dx ~ 1/T k (t 1 ) k (t 2 ) k (t 3 ) Chesler et al., PRD79 (2009) – E-Loss: 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 25 dE/dt for Lights from AdS/CFT • Original definition + original energy loss calculation => generic Bragg peak Chesler et al., PRD79 (2009) See also: Gubser et al., JHEP 0810 (2008) Arnold and Vaman, JHEP 1010 (2010) – Intermediate-t dE/dt depends strongly on IC 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 26 AdS/CFT Light Parton Energy Loss • Simple Bragg Peak Model – Ef ~ q(ttherm – t) 0.2 TeV 2.76 TeV WAH, JPhysG38 (2011) • Large uncertainty due to T(t) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 27 Recent AdS Lights Developments • Corrected E-loss formula A Ficnar, arXiv:1201.1780 • Bragg peak disappears – But now DE ≠ E at ttherm! 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 28 New Prescription • Define jet by sep. hard and soft scales 0 uc 0 0 u uh 0 u0 1 k (t 1 ) k (t 2 ) k (t 3 ) Tx u h u (t , k ) 0.2 uh – DE = E for t = ttherm 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 29 Results • Use T(t) ~ t-1/3 Janik & Peschanski metric -(dE/dt)/(T E0) • In usual AdS/Sch. Bragg reappears! Tt – ttherm very short 6/30/2016 Tt R Morad and WAH, in prep. – Bragg peak gone! EMMI at GSI Seminar 30 AdS/CFT Light q E-Loss • Static thermal medium => very short therm. time 0.2 TeV – tth ~ 2.7 fm • AdS likely oversuppresses compared to data • Examine T ~ 1/t1/3 geom – tth ~ 4.1 fm R Morad 2.76 TeV WAH, JPhysG38 (2011) Simple Bragg peak model 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 31 Asymptotic pQCD vs. AdS/CFT • But what about the interplay between mass and momentum? – Take ratio of c to b RAA(pT) • pQCD: Mass effects die out with increasing pT RcbpQCD(pT) ~ 1 - as n(pT) L2 log(Mb/Mc) ( /pT) – Ratio starts below 1, asymptotically approaches 1. Approach is slower for higher quenching • ST: drag independent of pT, inversely proportional to mass. Simple analytic approx. of uniform medium gives RcbpQCD(pT) ~ nbMc/ncMb ~ Mc/Mb ~ .27 – Ratio starts below 1; independent of pT 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 32 Does pQCD or AdS Yield Correct Mass & Momentum Dependecies at LHC? WAH, PANIC11 (arXiv:1108.5876) – T(t0): “(”, corrections likely small for smaller momenta – Tc: “]”, corrections likely large for higher momenta 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar See also: WAH, M. Gyulassy, PLB666 (2008) 33 Not So Fast! D7 Probe Brane – Speed limit estimate for applicability of AdS drag • g < gcrit = (1 + 2Mq/l1/2 T)2 ~ 4Mq2/(l T2) – Limited by Mcharm ~ 1.2 GeV • Similar to BH LPM – gcrit ~ Mq/(lT) – Importance of longitudinal momentum fluctuations • <(DpL)2> = p l1/2 T3 g5/2 Q Worldsheet boundary Spacelike if g > gcrit x5 Trailing String “Brachistochrone” “z” D3 Black Brane – (<(DpL)2>)1/2 ~ pL => gcrit ~ Mq/(4 T) • Decorrelation of HF? 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 34 AdS HQ E-Loss in Cold Nuclear Matter Constant T Thermal Black Brane Shock Geometries P Chesler, Quark Matter 2009 Nucleus as Shock DIS Embedded String in Shock Albacete, Kovchegov, Taliotis, JHEP 0807, 074 (2008) Before After vshock Q z x Q z vshock x WAH and Kovchegov, PLB680 (2009) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 35 Putting It All Together • This leads to –Recall for BH: –Shock gives exactly the same drag as BH for L = p T • L is typical mom. scale of nucleus • Can test AdS HQ E-Loss in both hot and cold nuclear matter! 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 36 Intermediate-pT Muck at RHIC and LHC • Messy (nonperturbative) physics below ~ 10 GeV/c 6/30/2016 P Jacobs, HP2012 EMMI at GSI Seminar 37 Clean High-pT Probes v2 CMS 40-50% h± pT (GeV/c) – RHIC • HF sep. • sPHENIX – LHC • High-pT HF – RAA, v2, corr. • Control p+A 6/30/2016 B Cole, HP2012 EMMI at GSI Seminar – CNM AdS 38 Conclusions • Exciting times in HI physics! • LHC & RHIC converging on picture of pQCD E-loss in sQGP – LO thermal pQCD qualitatively describes LHC single particle observables • Constrained by conservative assumptions & RHIC • Corrections likely large; drive towards data? • Difficult to reconcile AdS/CFT with new LHC data – D mesons oversuppressed – Light flavor hard to compare, but likely oversuppressed • Much interesting research to do: – HF sep. at RHIC, and esp. LHC; RAA and v2 • Does bottom flow?? – Properly include, e.g. NLO effects in pQCD E-Loss – Understand AdS E-Loss better • Importance of fluctuations • Light parton jets • p+A 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 39 Backup Slides 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 40 Measuring the IC • eRHIC could give experimental handle on initial geometry – Recall e + A diffraction exps. on A at rest Hahn, Ravenhall, and Hofstadter, Phys Rev 101 (1956) 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 41 Gluon Distribution of A at x ~ 10-3 e e g* J/y • Coherent vector meson production in e + A A A Must reject incoherent collisions at ~100% WAH, arXiv:1102.5058 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 42 Rise in RAA a Final State Effect? – Is rise really due to pQCD? – Or other quench (flat?) + initial state CNM effects a la CGC? Y-J Lee, QM11 Albacete and Marquet, PLB687 (2010) Require p + A and/or direct g 6/30/2016 PHENIX PRL98, 2007 EMMI at GSI Seminar 43 Null IS at LHC • Direct photon RAA ~ 1 – Soon add’l p + A null control exp. • CNM E-Loss? C Roland, HP2012 D Perepelitsa, HP2012 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 44 Null IS at RHIC • Direct photon RAA ~ 1; E-loss irr of hadron m 6/30/2016 EMMI at GSI Seminar 45