Chapter 6 The Etruscans Sailors settled in the area of modern day italy Rich soil and metals found in the hills of Etruria, traded with Greeks Etruscan temples, wood and mud brick Raised podium, pseudoperipteral (engaged columns) Variants of Greek orders Figural sculpture and painting, realism, lively, reach out into neg. space Tombs, resemble famuly homes, “Necropolis” (city of the dead) Excavated from tufa bedrock, partially or completey underground The Romans Originally small agricultural twn dominated by the Etruscans Heroic mytholigical origins, Romulus and Remus children of Mars (God of War) abandoned at birth Assimilated Greek religion and culture, adopted religions of conquered The Republic 509-27 BCE Democratic form of government, Senate Portrait sculpture “Verism” (realism), belief in afterlife (underworld) Structural systems of arch, barrel vault, sequence of barrel vaults Cement and contcrete, Ashlar masonry Roman temples Smaller, pseudoperipteral, raised podium, columns of single piece Variants on Greek orders, Roman composite order (Corinthian/Ionic Engaged columns, smaller architraves Early Empire 27 BCE-96 CE Urban culture (spread city building), highways, infrastructure, aqueducts Augustus, territorial expansion through conquest Scultpture Idealizing, propoganda, Etruscan influence Roman houses Atrium house, turned inward to open courtyard, atrium Atrium, peristyle garden, cubiculum, imluvium, compluvium Fresco wall painting 1st style flat illusion of marble encrustation 2nd style 3-d illusion, chiaroscuro 3rd style ornamental 4th style compendium of all three “all the way” Illusionism, reflection, cast shadow, approximate perspective, Aerial perspective Flavian Amphitheater, drum, tiered seating, velerium Concrete and Ashlar masonry, ascending orders Flavian sculpture Blends idealsizing and realism Forum of Trajan Basilica, equesrian monument, column of Trajan “de-naturing” of classicism, mass productionof art Hadrian “Grecophile”, architect, Spaniard one of the “good emperors” Pantheon Combines tholos and temple front, designed by Hadrian Largest unsuppoeted interior space of antiquity (145’ diameter) Concrete dome, coffered dome, oculus, piers Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius Lost wax casting, 11”6” high, gilded bronze Floor mosaics Illusion, cast shadow, chiaroscuro, tessarae (chips of stone) Unswept floor mosaics The Late Empire 3rd and 4th centuries CE Caracalla African emperor Baths of Caracalla, caldarium, tepidarium, frigidarium, gymnasium Tetrarchs, power shared between two emperors and two “spares” Denaturing (loss) of classicism Large eyes, squat (short) proportions, no contrapostto Arch of Constantine Recycled parts of other monuments, loss of classicism Basilica Nova (AKA Basilica of Maxentius and Constantinse) Sequence of barrel vaults, buttressing