News • http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2009/11/05/environmental _officials_urge_halving_of_phosphorous_levels_in_upper_middle_c harles_river/ • http://www.boston.com/news/science/articles/2009/11/05/yellowston e_yields_1200_species_in_1_day_study/ • http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2 009/11/05/with_tax_break_a_big_carbon_footprint/ • http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2009/11/05/clunkers_milea ge_impact_queried/ • http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/science/11/02/kilimanjaro.glaciers/i ndex.html • http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/green/articles/2009/11/02/5000_year s_later_a_new_warming_warning/ • http://www.kansas.com/news/breaking/story/1033346.html Stratospheric Ozone 2000 m—0.8 bar 5500 m—0.5 bar (18,000 feet) 200-300 nm 75% of Mass below 17 km >390 nm Image courtesy of www.aerospaceweb.org Light Image courtesy of www.coralnet.ca Sunlight Spectrum UVA=320-400 nm UVB=280-320 nm UVC=<280 nm Stratospheric Vs. Tropospheric Ozone Image courtesy of www.aerospaceweb.org Ozone Depletion • O2 + hv O + O • O + O2 O3 • O3 + hv (<290 nm) O2 + O • O3 + Cl O2 + ClO • ClO + O O2 + Cl • O3 + O 2O2 • Cl can catalyze destruction of O3 100,000 times Overall ~5% Global Decrease in Stratospheric Ozone Predicted Figure by UMB OpenCourseWare. Cancer Causing DNA Breakage due to UV rays Image courtesy of www.assh.org Melanoma Image courtesy of visualsonline.cancer.gov Carcinomas Image courtesy of www.seattlecca.org Antarctic Ozone Hole 5% loss in O3 500% increase at 287 nm Image courtesy of NOAA Research Polar Vortex, Spring Image courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSC) • Antarctic Spring • Polar Vortex • Stratospheric clouds made of ice (nitric acid) • Sunlight initiate reactions • Heterogeneous chemistry (on particles) Image courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Index Card • How can we solve this problem? Solutions US Clean Air Act: Venting of CFC/HCFC Refrigerants Illegal July1, 1992 Regulations Source: NASA Solved? By 2050 • Hydro Halocarbons (HFCs) • Single manufacturer (Dupont) • Scientific consensus • Simple chemistry Source: www.sabertec.org Image courtesy of Leland McInnes, Wikipedia