Week Five - Six (Feb. 13-19)
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Slide 1 Social Stratification Sociology 100, Weeks Five - Six Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 1 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 2 Stratification & Inequality Access to resources varies by rank in society Distribution of the following flows from social positions: property prestige power Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 2 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 3 Why does inequality persist? Most inequality is not maintained by force in modern societies. Ideological hegemony (beliefs of the dominant classes) shape people’s attitudes toward inequality Classism is the dominant ideology in the U.S. Links inequality to personal characteristics Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 3 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 4 Classism U.S. offers nearly equal opportunity and rewards merit The wealthy deserve privileges as a result of their hard work, determination, and brains Others deserve their places in society because they possess fewer of these qualities Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 4 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 5 Theories of Inequality: Is inequality inevitable? Deficiency theories Range from Herbert Spencer to The Bell Curve (authors argue that little can be done to achieve racial equality) Inequality is inevitable Implication: Anti-poverty programs foster dependency and do no good Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 5 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 6 Functionalism: Inequality is inevitable and necessary! Davis & Moore - Some social positions are just plain superior & worth more to society. - These should be rewarded according to their importance and complexity. - Unequal rewards motivate individuals to achieve to the best of their ability. - High rewards encourage hard work and long periods of training. Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 6 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 7 Challenges to Davis & Moore’s functionalism . . . Children of the wealthy receive rewards automatically regardless of their talent Gender and race still limit opportunities Rewards (high salaries) depend on the market, not on worth to society. Professional organizations lobby for high salaries or limit entrance. How much inequality is necessary for motivation? Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 7 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 8 Conflict Theory Marx – revolution! Weber – don’t bother! Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 8 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 9 Karl Marx – Inequality undesirable and not inevitable Class position - relationship to means of production (MOP) Bourgeoisie (capitalists) own MOP Proletariat (workers) sell their labor power; no MOP ownership State (laws, government, police) act on behalf of the bourgeoisie Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 9 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 10 Marx (Continued) False consciousness maintains these economic relationships False consciousness disguises the real relations of domination and subordination. Bourgeoisie controls the means of socialization (Media, Family Life, Schools) Potential for revolution Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 10 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 11 Weber – Inequality is unavoidable in modern society. More complex theory than Marx’s Focuses on the qualities that people bring to “the market” (e.g., talent). Position in society depends on property (entrepreneurs & rentiers), prestige, and power. Importance of status groups and cultural capital (a concept by Bourdieu) Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 11 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 12 Social Interactionism Does not really explain the emergence and persistence of stratification Examines inequality in everyday life Status symbols & patterns of consumption Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 12 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 13 Class in the U.S. Most people report they are “middle class” Perceptions vary by race & other factors – African Americans more likely to report lower class status Socioeconomic status (SES) provides objective criteria: income, occupation, education Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 13 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 14 Income & Wealth Wealth – assets in real estate, automobiles, value of stocks & bonds Income – salaries, rents, stock and bond interest & dividends Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 14 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 15 Form of Super Rich Rich (next Everybody Asset (Richest 1%) richest 9%) Else (90%) Stocks 46.2 43.1 10.7 Bonds 54.2 34.3 11.5 Business equity 56.3 33.7 10 Nonhome real estate 40.3 39.6 20 Trusts 53.6 35.4 11 Source: Wolf, "How the Pie is Sliced: America's Growing Concentration of Wealth," The American Prospect (1995)., 63. 15 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 16 Percent of Shares of Income Received by Each Fifth (20%) of Families, 1998 Category Highest 5% Highest 20% Fourth 20% Middle 20% Second 20% Poorest 20% 1950 17.3 42.7 23.4 17.4 12 4.5 1960 15.9 41.3 24 17.8 12.2 4.8 1970 15.6 40.9 23.8 17.6 12.2 5.4 1980 14.6 41.1 24.4 17.6 11.6 5.3 Percent of Shares of Incom e Received by Each Fifth (20%) of Fam ilies, 1998 Category Highest 5% Highest 20% Fourth 20% Middle 20% Second 20% Poorest 20% 1950 17.3 42.7 23.4 17.4 12 4.5 1960 15.9 41.3 24 17.8 12.2 4.8 1970 15.6 40.9 23.8 17.6 12.2 5.4 1980 14.6 41.1 24.4 17.6 11.6 5.3 U.S. Bureau of the Census, March Current Population Survey. 1998 1990 17.4 44.3 23.8 16.6 10.8 4.6 1997 20.7 47.2 23 15.7 9.9 4.2 1990 17.4 44.3 23.8 16.6 10.8 4.6 1997 20.7 47.2 23 15.7 9.9 4.2 16 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 17 dex for Selected Countries - 1998 unles s otherwis e noted Country Gini Index Japan (1993) Sweden Austria Germany Italy Canada Netherlands Spain United Kingdom France Australia India (1997) China (2001) United States Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 24.9 25 31 28.1 31.2 31.5 31.5 32.5 32.6 32.7 33.7 37.8 40 40.1 17 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 18 Income inequality among families in Hawai`i has increased since the 1970s – change in incomes: Quintile Dollar Change Poorest 20% - $1,070 (0 to $25,300) Middle 20% $ 480 ($42,22464,024) Richest 20% $34,730 ($92,250 & over) Percent Change - 7% 1% 31% Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 18 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 19 Economic Data in Puna, Hawai`i County & The State (Households) Indicator Puna Hawai`i County State of Hawai`i Welfare 22% 26% 16% Food stamps 46% 22% 13% $35,838 $42,586 Household $22,598 Income Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 19 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 20 Class and Ethnicity: Intersectionality Dense populations of Native Hawaiians are found in the state’s poorest census tracts. Median household income along the Wai’anae Coast of O’ahu is $32,392 – less than half of Hawaii Kai. Most Hawaiian communities are anchored by designated Hawaiian Home Lands. These areas account for: 31% of the State’s welfare recipients 35% of Hawaii’s adult prison population 50% of Hawaii’s incarcerated juveniles Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 20 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 21 Global Level Stratification Global “classes” 1st, 2nd, 3rd Tier Core, Semi-Periphery, Periphery Developed, Developing, Underdeveloped (Third World) Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 21 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 22 Theories explaining global stratification Modernization Underdeveloped nations will “evolve” or progress over time, adopting the technologies, policies, and ideas of the developed world Internal problems hold these nations back (tradition, corruption, lack of capital, etc.) Developed world needs to assist with capital investments and “leadership” A deficiency model Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 22 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 23 Dependency Theory Relationship between developed and undeveloped nations is the source of the problem Developed nations benefit from this exploitative relationship Rooted in colonialism . . . Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 23 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 24 Dependency theory (colonialism) Colonialism is the political, economic, and cultural control of a nation outside one’s borders. Decolonization of the 1950s and 1960s was replaced by dominance of multinational corporations (neocolonialism) . . . Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 24 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 25 Neocolonialism/Globalization Dependence results in maintenance of elite vs. non-elite dynamics among the colonized Lack of middle-class growth Orientation of economy & other institutions to the needs of the multinationals/developed world Dependency theory derives from conflict theory Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 25 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ Slide 26 World Systems Theory Refers to a global division of labor Core, periphery, semi-periphery Derives from both functionalist and conflict theories Essentials of Sociology, Lindsey and Beach 26 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________
