List of industrial disasters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article lists notable industrial disasters, which are disasters caused by industrial
companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. They are a form of industrial
accident where great damage, injury or loss of life are caused.
Other disasters can also be considered industrial disaster, if their causes are rooted in the
products or processes of industry. For example, the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was made more
severe due to the heavy concentration of lumber industry, wood houses, fuel and other chemicals
in a small area. Some can be related to engineering disasters when shortcuts in engineering
design to reduce costs of construction and fabrication leads to unexpected design failures.
The Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents is designed to protect
people and the environment from industrial accidents. The Convention aims to prevent accidents
from occurring, to reduce their frequency and severity, and to mitigate their effects. The
Convention addresses primarily industrial accidents in one country that affect the population or
the environment of another country. The Convention was drafted following the Seveso disaster
and Sandoz disaster.
Contents
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1 Defense industry
2 Energy industry
3 Food industry
4 Manufacturing industry
5 Mining industry
6 Other industrial disasters
7 See also
8 References
Defense industry
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December 6, 1917: Halifax, Canada . The Halifax explosion. A ship loaded with about
9000 tons of high explosives destined for France caught fire as a result of a collision in
Halifax harbour, and exploded. The explosion killed about 2000 and injured about 9000.
October 4, 1918: T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion An
ammunition plant in Sayreville, New Jersey exploded killing approximately 100 people,
destroying 300 buildings and causing 18 million dollars in damages.
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March 1, 1924: 1924 Nixon Nitration Works disaster A plant for processing ammonium
nitrate in Edison, New Jersey exploded killing 24 people, injuring 100 and destroying
several buildings.
July 17, 1944: Port Chicago Disaster. A munitions explosion that killed 320 people
occurred at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California.
August 9, 1965: Little Rock AFB in Searcy, Arkansas. 53 contract workers were killed
during a fire at a Titan missile silo. The cause of the fire was determined to be a welding
rod damaging a hydraulic hose allowing hydraulic vapors to leak and spread throughout
the silo, and ignited by an open flame.
April 10, 1988: Ojhri Camp. A military storage center in Rawalpindi Pakistan exploded,
killing more than 1,300 people.
July 11, 2011: Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion Cyprus. A munitions dump
explosion. 13 people were killed; among them the captain of the base, twin brothers who
were serving there as marines, and four firefighters.
Energy industry
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May 1962: The Centralia, Pennsylvania coal mine fire began, forcing the gradual
evacuation of the Centralia borough. The fire continues to burn in the abandoned
borough.
March 1967: The Torrey Canyon supertanker was shipwrecked off the west coast of
Cornwall, England, causing an environmental disaster. This was the first major oil spill at
sea.
August, 1975: The Banqiao Dam failed in the Henan Province of China due to
extraordinarily heavy rains and poor construction quality of the dam, which was built
during Great Leap Forward. The flood immediately killed over 100,000 people, and
another 150,000 died of subsequent epidemic diseases and famine, bringing the total
death toll to around 250,000—making it the worst technical disaster ever.
March 16, 1978: The Amoco Cadiz, an VLCC owned by the company Amoco (now
merged with BP) sank near the Northwest coasts of France, resulting in the spilling of
68,684,000 US Gallons of crude oil (1,635,000 barrels). This is the largest oil spill of its
kind (spill from an oil tanker) in history.
March 28, 1979: Three Mile Island accident. Partial nuclear meltdown. Mechanical
failures in the non-nuclear secondary system, followed by a stuck-open pilot-operated
relief valve (PORV) in the primary system, allowed large amounts of reactor coolant to
escape. Plant operators initially failed to recognize the loss of coolant, resulting in a
partial meltdown. The reactor was brought under control but not before up to 481 PBq
(13 million curies) of radioactive gases were released into the atmosphere.[1]
June 3, 1979: Ixtoc I oil spill. The Ixtoc I exploratory oil well suffered a blowout
resulting in the third largest oil spill and the second largest accidental spill in history.
November 20, 1980: A Texaco oil rig drilled into a salt mine transforming the Lake
Peigneur, a freshwater lake before the accident, into a salt water lake.
February 15, 1982: Newfoundland, Canada. The mobile offshore oil rig Ocean Ranger
is struck by a rogue wave off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada and sinks with the loss
of all 84 crew.
July 23, 1984: Romeoville, Illinois, Union Oil refinery explosion killed 19 people.
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November 19, 1984: San Juanico Disaster, an explosion at a liquid petroleum gas tank
farm killed hundreds and injured thousands in San Juanico, Mexico.
April 26, 1986: Chernobyl disaster. At the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Prypiat,
Ukraine a test on reactor number four goes out of control, resulting in a nuclear
meltdown. The ensuing steam explosion and fire killed up to 50 people with estimates
that there may be between 4,000 and several hundred thousand additional cancer deaths
over time. Fallout could be detected as far away as Canada. The Chernobyl Exclusion
Zone, covering portions of Belarus and Ukraine surrounding Prypiat, remains
contaminated and mostly uninhabited. Prypiat itself was totally evacuated and remains as
a ghost town.
May 5, 1988: Norco, Louisiana, Shell Oil refinery explosion after hydrocarbon gas
escaped from a corroded pipe in a catalytic cracker and was ignited. Louisiana state
police evacuated 2,800 residents from nearby neighborhoods. Seven workers were killed
and 42 injured. The total cost arising from the Norco blast is estimated at US$706
million.
July 6, 1988: Piper Alpha disaster. An explosion and resulting fire on a North Sea oil
production platform kills 167 men. Total insured loss is about US$3.4 billion. To date it
is rated as the world's worst offshore oil disaster in terms both of lives lost and impact to
industry.
March 24, 1989: Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker bound for Long
Beach, California, hits Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef dumping an estimated
minimum 10.8 million US gallons (40.9 million litres, or 250,000 barrels) of crude oil
into the sea. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused
environmental disasters ever to occur in history.[2] 100,000 to as many as 250,000
seabirds died as well as at least 2,800 sea otters, approximately 12 river otters, 300 harbor
seals, 247 bald eagles, and 22 orcas, and billions of salmon and herring eggs were
destroyed.[3] Overall reductions in population have been seen in various ocean animals,
including stunted growth in pink salmon populations.[4] Sea otters and ducks also showed
higher death rate in following years, partially because they ingested prey from
contaminated soil and from ingestion of oil residues on hair due to grooming.[5] The
effects of the spill continue to be felt 20 years later.
March 23, 2005: Texas City Refinery explosion. An explosion occurred at a BP refinery
in Texas City, Texas. It is the third largest refinery in the United States and one of the
largest in the world, processing 433,000 barrels of crude oil per day and accounting for
3% of that nation's gasoline supply. Over 100 were injured, and 15 were confirmed dead,
including employees of the Fluor Corporation as well as BP. BP has since accepted that
its employees contributed to the accident. Several level indicators failed, leading to
overfilling of a knock out drum, and light hydrocarbons concentrated at ground level
throughout the area. A nearby running diesel truck set off the explosion.
December 11, 2005: Hertfordshire Oil Storage Terminal fire. A series of explosions at
the Buncefield oil storage depot, described as the largest peacetime explosion in Europe,
devastated the terminal and many surrounding properties. There were no fatalities. Total
damages have been forecast as £750 million.
August 17, 2009: Sayano–Shushenskaya power station accident.75 people were killed at
a hydroelectric power station when a Turbine failed. The Turbine that failed had been
vibrating for a considerable time. Emergency doors to stop the incoming water took a
long time to close, while a self-closing lock would have stopped the water in minutes.
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February 7, 2010: 2010 Connecticut power plant explosion. A large explosion occurred
at a Kleen Energy Systems 620-megawatt, Siemens combined cycle gas- and oil- fired
power plant in Middletown, Connecticut, United States. Preliminary reports attributed the
cause of the explosion to a test of the plant's energy systems.[6] The plant was still under
construction and scheduled to start supplying energy in June 2010.[7] The number of
injuries was eventually established to be 27.[8] Five people died in the explosion.[9]
April 20, 2010: Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. 11 oil platform
workers died in an explosion and fire that resulted in a massive oil spill in the Gulf of
Mexico, considered the largest offshore spill in U.S. history.[10]
March 2011: Fukushima I nuclear accidents in Japan. Regarded as the largest nuclear
disaster since the Chernobyl disaster, there were no direct deaths but a few of the plant's
workers were severely injured or killed by the disaster conditions resulting from the
earthquake.
October 29, 2012: Hurricane Sandy caused a ConEdison power plant to explode, causing
a blackout in most of Midtown Manhattan. The blue light emitted from the arc made
places as far as Brooklyn glow. No person was killed or injured.
July 6, 2013: Lac-Mégantic, Quebec Canada. Lac-Mégantic derailment. Forty seven
people were killed when there was a derailment of an oil shipment train. The oil shipment
caught fire, exploded and more than thirty buildings were destroyed. It is the fourth
deadliest rail accident in Canadian history.
Food industry
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May 2, 1878: The Washburn "A" Mill in Minneapolis was destroyed by a flour dust
explosion, killing 18. The mill was rebuilt with updated technology. The explosion led to
new safety standards in the milling industry.[11]
January 15, 1919: The Boston Molasses Disaster. A large molasses tank burst and a
wave of molasses rushed through the streets at an estimated 35 mph (56 km/h), killing 21
and injuring 150. The event has entered local folklore, and residents claim that on a hot
summer day, the area still smells of molasses.
February 6, 1979: The (Roland Mill), located in Bremen, Germany, was destroyed by a
flour dust explosion, killing 14 and injuring 17.
September 3, 1991: 1991 Hamlet chicken processing plant fire in Hamlet, North
Carolina, where locked doors trapped workers in a burning processing plant, causing 25
deaths.
September 3, 1998: 1998 Haysville KN grain elevator explosion in Haysville, Kansas. A
series of dust explosions in a large grain storage facility resulted in the deaths of seven
people.[12]
February 7, 2008: The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion in Port Wentworth,
Georgia, United States. Thirteen people were killed and 42 injured when a dust explosion
occurred at a sugar refinery owned by Imperial Sugar.
March 12, 2008: Morin-Heights, Quebec, Canada. A roof collapse in the Gourmet du
Village bakery warehouse killed three workers.[13]
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See Also Grain elevator explosions
Manufacturing industry
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January 10, 1860: Pemberton Mill was a large factory in Lawrence, Massachusetts that
collapsed without warning. An estimated 145 workers were killed and 166 injured.
March 20, 1905: Grover Shoe Factory disaster was a boiler explosion, building collapse
and fire that killed 58 people and injured 150 in Brockton, Massachusetts.
March 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City. This was a major
industrial disaster in the U.S., causing the death of more than 100 garment workers who
either died in the fire or jumped to their deaths. The fire led to legislation requiring
improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies'
Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop
workers in that industry.
May 27, 1983: Benton fireworks disaster, an explosion at an illegal fireworks operation
on a farm near Benton, Tennessee, killed eleven, injured one, and inflicted damage within
a radius of several miles.[14]
November 23, 1984 MESIT factory collapse. A part of a factory in Uherské Hradiště,
Czechoslovakia collapsed, killing 18 workers and injuring 43. The accident was kept
secret by the communist regime, however, the news broke the iron curtain and made it to
the western media.[15]
May 4, 1988: PEPCON disaster, Henderson, Nevada. Massive fire and explosions at a
chemical plant killed 2 people and injured over 300.
May 10, 1993: Kader Toy Factory fire. A fire started in a poorly built factory in
Thailand. Exit doors were locked and the stairwell collapsed. 188 workers were killed,
mostly young women.
May 13, 2000: Enschede fireworks disaster. A fire and explosion at a fireworks depot in
Enschede, Netherlands resulted in 22 deaths and another 947 were injured. About 1,500
homes are damaged or destroyed. The damage is estimated to be over US$300 million in
insured losses.
November 3, 2004: Seest fireworks disaster. N. P. Johnsens Fyrværkerifabrik fireworks
factory exploded in Seest, a suburb of Kolding, Denmark. One firefighter died; seven
from the rescue team as well as 17 locals were injured. In total 2,107 buildings were
damaged by the explosion, with the cost of the damage estimated at €100 million.
April 18, 2007: Qinghe Special Steel Corporation disaster. A ladle holding molten steel
separated from the overhead iron rail, fell, tipped, and killed 32 workers, injuring another
6.
February 1, 2008: Istanbul fireworks explosion. An unlicensed fireworks factory
exploded accidentally, leaving by some reports at least 22 people dead and at least 100
injured.
September 11, 2012: Karachi, Pakistan, 289 people died in a fire at the Ali Enterprises
garment factory, which made ready-to-wear clothing for Western export.
November 24, 2012: Dhaka Tasreen Fashions fire. A seven story factory fire outside of
Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, killed at least 112 people, 12 from jumping out of
windows to escape the blaze.
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April 24, 2013: 2013 Savar building collapse. An eight story factory building collapse on
the outskirts of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, killed 1129 people.[16] The building
contained five garment factories that were manufacturing clothing for the western
market.[17]
Mining industry
See mining accident for more.
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March 10, 1906: Courrières mine disaster in Courrières, France. 1,099 workers died,
including children, in the worst mine accident in Europe.
October 14, 1913: Senghenydd Colliery Disaster, the worst mining accident in the
United Kingdom; 439 workers died.
April 26, 1942: Benxihu Colliery disaster in Benxi, Liaoning, China. 1,549 workers died,
in the worst coal mine accident ever in the world.
May 28, 1965: Dhanbad coal mine disaster took place in Jharkhand, India, killing over
300 miners.
October 21, 1966: Aberfan disaster was a catastrophic collapse of a colliery spoil-tip that
occurred in the Welsh village of Aberfan, killing 116 children and 28 adults.
July 19, 1985: Val di Stava dam collapse took place in the village of Stava, near Tesero,
Italy, when two tailings dams used for sedimenting the mud from the nearby Prestavel
mine, failed. It resulted in one of Italy's worst disasters, killing 268 people, destroying 63
buildings and demolishing eight bridges.
May 9, 1993: Nambija mine disaster, Nambija, Ecuador. Approximately 300 people were
killed in a land slide
January 30, 2000: Baia Mare cyanide spill took place in Baia Mare, Romania. The
accident, called the worst environmental disaster in Europe since Chernobyl, was a
release of 100,000 tons of cyanide contaminated water by an Aurul mining company due
to reservoir broke into the rivers Someş, Tisza and Danube. Although no human fatalities
were reported, the leak killed up to 80% of aquatic life of some of the affected rivers.
April 5, 2010: Upper Big Branch Mine disaster, West Virginia, United States. An
explosion occurred in Massey Energy's Upper Big Branch coal. Twenty-nine out of
thirty-one miners at the site were killed.[18]
November 19, 2010: Pike River Mine disaster in New Zealand. At 3:45pm, the coal
mine exploded. Twenty-nine men underground died immediately, or shortly afterwards,
from the blast or from the toxic atmosphere. Two men in the stone drift, some distance
from the mine workings, managed to escape. (Extract from Royal Commission of
Enquiry Report on Pike River.)
May 13, 2014: Soma mine disaster in Manisa Province, Turkey. An explosion occurred 2
kilometers below the surface, starting a fire, and caused the mine's elevator to stop
working. This trapped several hundred miners, many of which died of carbon monoxide
poisoning. 787 workers were present during the disaster, and 301 of them died during the
disaster.
August 4, 2014: Mount Polley mine disaster near Likely, British Columbia.
Other industrial disasters
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January 20, 1909: Chicago Crib Disaster. During the construction of a water intake
tunnel for the city of Chicago, a fire broke out on a temporary water crib used to access
an intermediate point along the tunnel. The fire began in the dynamite magazine and
burned the wooden dormitory that housed the tunnel workers. 46 workers survived the
fire by jumping into the lake and climbing onto ice floes or the spoil heap near the crib.
29 men were burned beyond recognition, and approximately 60 men died. Most of the
remainder drowned or froze to death in the lake and were not recovered.[19][20][21]
September 21, 1921: Oppau explosion in Germany. Occurred when a tower silo storing
4,500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded
at a BASF plant in Oppau, now part of Ludwigshafen, Germany, killing 500–600 people
and injuring about 2,000 more.
1927 - 1932: Hawks Nest Tunnel Disaster, near Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, United
States. Over several years, 476 workers died from silicosis.
1932-1968: The Minamata disaster was caused by the dumping of mercury compounds in
Minamata Bay, Japan. The Chisso Corporation, a fertilizer and later petrochemical
company, was found responsible for polluting the bay for 37 years. It is estimated that
over 3,000 people suffered various deformities, severe mercury poisoning symptoms or
death from what became known as Minamata disease.
April 16, 1947: Texas City Disaster, Texas. At 9:15 AM an explosion occurred aboard a
docked ship named the Grandcamp. The explosion, and subsequent fires and explosions,
is referred to as the worst industrial disaster in America. A minimum of 578 people lost
their lives and another 3,500 were injured as the blast shattered windows from as far
away as 25 mi (40 km). Large steel pieces were thrown more than a mile from the dock.
The origin of the explosion was fire in the cargo on board the ship. Detonation of
3,200 tons of ammonium nitrate fertilizer aboard the Grandcamp led to further
explosions and fires. The fertilizer shipment was to aid the struggling farmers of Europe
recovering from World War II.
1948: A chemical tank wagon explosion within the BASF's Ludwigshafen, Germany site
caused 207 fatalities.
February 3, 1971: The Thiokol-Woodbine Explosion at a Thiokol chemical plant in
Georgia killed 29 people and seriously injured 50.
June 1, 1974: Flixborough disaster, England. An explosion at a chemical plant near the
village of Flixborough killed 28 people and seriously injured another 36.
July 10, 1976: Seveso disaster, in Seveso, Italy, in a small chemical manufacturing plant
of ICMESA. Due to the release of dioxins into the atmosphere and throughout a large
section of the Lombard Plain, 3,000 pets and farm animals died and, later, 70,000 animals
were slaughtered to prevent dioxins from entering the food chain. In addition, 193 people
in the affected areas suffered from chloracne and other symptoms. The disaster lead to
the Seveso Directive, which was issued by the European Community and imposed much
harsher industrial regulations.
April 27, 1978: Willow Island disaster. A cooling tower for a power plant under
construction in Willow Island, West Virginia collapsed, killing 51 construction workers.
The cause was attributed to placing loads on recently poured concrete before it had cured
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sufficiently to withstand the loads. It is thought to be the largest construction accident in
United States history.[22]
December 3, 1984: The Bhopal disaster in India is one of the largest industrial disasters
on record. A runaway reaction in a tank containing poisonous methyl isocyanate caused
the pressure relief system to vent large amounts to the atmosphere at a Union Carbide
India Limited plant. Estimates of its death toll range from 4,000 to 20,000. The disaster
caused the region's human and animal populations severe health problems to the present.
November 1, 1986: The Sandoz disaster in Schweizerhalle, Switzerland, releasing tons
of toxic agrochemicals into the Rhine.
June 28, 1988: Auburn, Indiana, improper mixing of chemicals killed four workers at a
local metal-plating plant in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history; a
fifth victim died two days later.[23]
October 23, 1989: Phillips Disaster. Explosion and fire killed 23 and injured 314 in
Pasadena, Texas. Registered 3.5 on the Richter scale.
July 5, 1990: Arco Disaster. An explosion and fire occurred at the Arco Chemical
Company complex in Channelview, TX. 17 people were killed. Five were permanent
employees of Arco Chemical Company and the remaining twelve were contract labor
employees. An area approximately the size of a city block was completely destroyed; no
one in the area survived the explosion.[24]
May 1, 1991: Sterlington, Louisiana. An explosion at the IMC operated Angus Chemical
Nitro-paraffin Plant Sterlington, Louisiana killed 8 workers and injured 120 other people.
There was severe damage to the surrounding community. The blasts were heard more
than 8 miles away.
September 21, 2001: Toulouse, France. An explosion at the AZF fertilizer factory killed
29 and injured 2,500. Extensive structural damage to nearby neighbourhoods.
October 19, 2009: Ottawa, Canada. An explosion at the Cliff Central Heating and
Cooling Plant. The explosion of a boiler killed one person and three others suffered
injuries.[25]
October 4, 2010: Alumina plant accident. Ajka, Kolontár, Devecser and several other
settlements, Hungary. The dam of Magyar Aluminium Zrt.'s red mud reservoir broke and
the escaping highly toxic and alkaline (~pH 13) sludge flooded several settlements. There
were nine victims including a young girl and hundreds of injuries (mostly chemical
burns).
January 20, 2012: Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada. At a wood mill two workers
were killed and 20 others injured in a fire and explosion. A combustible dust environment
lead to the explosion and fire.[26]
November 8, 2012: Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Two people died and 19 were injured
in an industrial processing plant belonging to Neptune Technologies & Bioressources, a
manufacturer of health care products.[27]
April 17, 2013: Fertiziler plant explosion in West, Texas, an explosion occurred at the
West Fertilizer Company storage and distribution facility in West, Texas, 18 miles
(29 km) north of Waco while emergency services personnel were responding to a fire at
the facility. At least 14 people were killed, more than 160 were injured and more than
150 buildings were damaged or destroyed.
June 20, 2013: Coteau-du-lac, Quebec, Canada. Two women were killed in a fireworks
warehouse explosion.[28]
See also
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List of civilian nuclear accidents
List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland
References
1.
Walker, J. Samuel (2004). Three Mile Island: A Nuclear Crisis in Historical
Perspective. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23940-7.
2.
"Frequently Asked Questions About the Spill". Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee
Council. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
3.
"Exxon Valdez: Ten years on". BBC News. 1999-03-18. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
4.
Williamson, David (December 18, 2003). "Exxon Valdez oil spill effects lasting
far longer than expected, scientists say". UNC/News (University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill). Retrieved March 9, 2008.
5.
"Exxon Valdez oil spill still a threat: study". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
May 17, 2006. Retrieved March 9, 2008.
6.
"Witness To Middletown Explosion: 'There Are Bodies Everywhere'". The
Hartford Courant. 7 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-07.[dead link]
7.
Allen, Nick (7 February 2010). "Connecticut gas explosion at power plant 'leaves
up to 50 dead'". London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2010-02-07.
8.
"Mourners Grieve At Funerals For Connecticut Workers Who Died In Power
Plant Explosion". Hartford Courant. 13 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
9.
"Gas blast at Conn. power plant kills at least 5". Associated Press. 7 February
2010. Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
10.
"Gulf oil spill now largest offshore spill in U.S. history as BP continues plug
effort". USA Today. 2010-05-27. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
11.
"Washburn 'A' Mill Explosion". Library: History Topics. Minnesota Historical
Society. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
12.
Fire Investigation Summary: Grain Elevator Explosion – Haysville, Kansas, June
8, 1998, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Fire Investigations Department,
1999
13.
3 women dead after snow-laden roof caves near Montreal
14.
"Fireworks suspect charged with deaths". news.google.com. The SpokesmanReview. May 30, 1983. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
15.
News in Brief: Factory Deaths In The Times of London, 27 November 1984
16.
"Savar collapse death toll reaches 1,126". The Daily Ittefaq. Retrieved 12 May
2013.
17.
rana plaza death toll now at 1126, bdnews24.com, Retrieved 13 May 2013.
18.
Urbina, Ian (April 9, 2010). "No Survivors Found After West Virginia Mine
Disaster". The New York Times.
19.
Chicago's Horrible Crib Disaster, Popular Mechanics, Vol. XI, No. 3 (March
1909); page 193.
20.
Peter M. Hoffman, Safety First, The Chicago Medical Recorder, Vol. 35, No. 12
(Dec 1913); the corroner's first-person account.
21.
George F. Samuel, Southwest Land and Lake Tunnel, Annual Report, ThirtyFourth Annual Report of the Department of Public Works to the City Council of the City
of Chicago for the Year Ending December 31, 1909, Amberg, 1910.
22.
"Willow Island Cooling Tower". Matdl.org. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
23.
Joseph A. Kinney and William G. Mosley, "Death on the Job," The Multinational
Monitor, April 1990, v. 11, no. 4, citing a report by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
24.
"OSHA - Accident: 110318540 - Over Thirteen Killed In Explosion And Fire At
Chemical Plant".
25.
Public Works pleads guilty in fatal Ottawa boiler explosion
26.
Investigation report into deadly Burns Lake sawmill explosion provides details of
failure to manage wood dust
27.
2 killed, 19 injured in Sherbrooke factory explosion.
28.
Two 2 women were killed in a fireworks warehouse explosion.