Anatomy & Physiology Lecture
Human Body Orientation
I.
Overview
A. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
B. Structural Organization
C. Organ Systems
D. Life Maintenance Mechanisms
E. Homeostasis and Feedback
II. Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
A. ___________ (to cut up, or dissect) is the study of body structures and their relationships.
1. ______________ is the science of form.
2. _____________ (study of nature) is the study of body functions. Anatomy is
intimately intertwined with physiology – structure reflects function.
3.
B.
Anatomical terminology - learning the word _______ inside the text front and back
covers quickly will help you immensely.
Topics of Anatomy
1. _________ Anatomy is the study of body structures that can be observed with the
naked eye. ______________ is used to study gross anatomy
2.
Regional Anatomy - study of structures in a particular body _________ (e.g.: head
or neck). Often used by med. schools.
3.
Systemic Anatomy - study of organs with related functions (i.e.: within a body
___________). We will use this approach.
4.
Surface Anatomy deals with _____________ features that can be observed beneath
the skin or palpated (examined by touch)
5.
Microscopic Anatomy is concerned with structures smaller than 0.1 mm that can
only be seen with a ________________. Anatomical sciences that require
microscopes include:
a.
b.
__________ - the study of cells
______________ - the study of tissues
C. Topics of Physiology
1. Physiology concerns the __________ of specific organs or organ systems. Examples
include:
a. Cardiovascular physiology examines the operation of the ________ and blood
vessels
b. Neurophysiology attempts to explain how the __________ system works
2. Physiology is initiated on a __________ level, and is based upon physical and chemical
interactions within and among cells
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III. Levels of Structural Organization
atoms  molecules  organelles  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems 
organism
A. Cellular Level
1. Minute particles called _____ bond together to form molecules; Four classes of
_________________ form cells:
a.
b.
c.
d.
________________ (sugars)
a.
b.
Each organelle carries out specific ____________ in the cell
a.
b.
Humans are composed of 60-100 ____________ cells
_________ (fats)
___________
Nucleic acids (_____ & _____)
2. Molecules group together in specific ways to form __________, functional structures
within cells
The __________, mitochondrion, and ER are examples of organelles
3. A _____ is the basic structural and functional component of life
4.
______________, growth, responsiveness, repair, and replication are carried on at
the cellular level
Organelles and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma __________ compose a cell
a.
The human body contains many distinct types of cells, each _____________ to
perform specific functions (e.g.: skin, bone, fat, blood, & muscle cells)
b.
The _________ of each cell type is related to its _________
B. Tissue level
1. ____________ are layers or groups of similar cells that perform a common function.
The body is composed of 4 major kinds of tissues:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
______________ - covers & lines body surfaces
______________ – supports and protects body organs
______________ – provides movement
______________ – allows rapid internal communication via electrical nerve
impulses
______________ is the microscopic study of tissues
C. Organ level
1. An __________ is an combination of 2 or more tissue types that performs a specific
function
2.
3.
Examples include the heart, _______, pancreas, bones, skin, etc.
Each organ has one or more __________ tissues and several secondary tissues
a.
In the stomach, the inside ___________ lining is the primary tissue because it is
involved with secretion and absorption
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b.
Secondary tissues of the stomach are the ___________, vascular, nervous, and
muscle tissues
D. System level
1. A body __________ consists of several organs that have similar or related functions
2. The ___ major systems of the body and their functions include:
a. ____________ - external support and protection of the body; vit. D synthesis; has
sense receptors, sweat, & oil glands
b.
____________ - internal support and flexible framework for body movement;
blood cell production; stores minerals
c.
d.
____________ - body movement and heat production
e.
____________ - secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of growth,
metabolism, reproduction, etc.
f.
______________ - transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones to body cells; removes
metabolic wastes & CO2 from cells
g.
______________ - body immunity; absorption of fats; returns tissue fluid to the
blood
h.
i.
______________ - supplies oxygen to blood; removes carbon dioxide from blood
j.
___________ - eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water,
electrolyte, & acid-base balance
k.
____________
1) Female - production of female sex cells (___); receptacle for sperm from
male; site for fertilization of ovum; implantation, and development of embryo
and fetus; delivery of fetus
2) Male - production of male sex cells (______); transfer of sperm to female
reproductive system
____________ - control and regulation of all other systems of the body; activates
muscles & glands
____________ - breakdown and absorption of food materials; undigested matter
eliminated as feces
IV. Maintaining Life
A. Necessary _______ functions include the following:
1. Maintenance of __________ between the external surroundings and the internal
environment. What structures provide this?
2. ____________ of our bodies, as well as materials such as blood, food, urine, etc.,
within our bodies. What tissues are involved?
3. _______________ – the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and react
to them. What system is most involved?
4. _______________ – the breakdown of ingested food into simple molecules, which are
absorbed into the bloodstream. What two systems are most involved?
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5. ____________ – all chemical reactions within our cells; 2 types:
a. ____________ – building smaller molecules into larger ones
b. _____________- breaking large molecules into smaller ones
6. _______________ of wastes from the body. What 3 systems are most involved?
7. _______________ at both the cellular and organismal levels
a. Organismal level - sperm unites with an _____
b. ____________ reproduction involves mitosis or meiosis
1) ________ results in two genetically identical daughter cells, which are used in
growth and repair
2) ________ occurs in the formation of gametes (sperm and eggs)
8. __________ – an increase in the size of an organism, usually by increasing the number
of cells. What process allows this?
B. ___________ Needs include oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature, and
atmospheric pressure
1. Nutrients, acquired from ______, contain chemicals needed for
a. ________ production (ATP molecules)
b. Organic _________ materials (e.g.: monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids,
nucleic acids) for cells and growth
c. Vitamins & __________ for chemical reactions
2. __________ is needed for chemical reactions that produce ____ energy from nutrients
3. Water (____) is obtained from food and drink, and lost via breathing, sweating, and
bodily excretions. Functions:
a. The most abundant ___________ substance in the body
b. Universal __________ – dissolves water-based substances
c. Allows metabolic/______________ reactions
d. ______________ substances within the body
4. Normal Body Temperature (___C) is maintained mainly by __________
metabolism, and is essential for chemical reactions.
a. ____ body temperature _________ metabolic reactions
b. _____ body temperature can denature __________
5. Atmospheric ___________ is the force that air exerts on our body surface; needed for
breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
V. Homeostasis and Feedback
A. ________________ is the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
1. _____________ is a group of mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis, or dynamic
equilibrium
2. Dynamic _____________ describes the way in which body conditions fluctuate within a
narrow range, then return to a set point
B. Negative Feedback and Stability
1. ___________ ________ – the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that
negate or __________ it
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2. Common example: a _____________ is activated when the temperature drops below
the set temp., the heater turns on and brings the temp. up, the thermostat turns off
3. Body ______________ example:
a. Body temperature __________ triggers skin blood vessels to __________ (widen)
and sweating, which cools the circulating blood, which cools the body down to
normal temp.
b. Body temperature __________ triggers skin blood vessels to __________ and
shivering, which warms the circulating blood, bringing body temperature up
4. ______________ control mechanisms include 3 components:
a. ____________ – structure that senses a change in the body and sends info. to the
b. __________ _______ – area that processes the incoming info. and formulates an
appropriate response and sends it to an
c. _____________ – structure that carries out the response and restores homeostasis
C. Positive Feedback and Rapid Change
1. __________ feedback– physiological change that leads to greater change in the _______
direction
2. Example: during childbirth ___________ release from the hypothalamus stimulates
increasing ________ contractions until the baby is born