THE EISENHOWER YEARS:
PART ONE
1. ELECTION OF 1952, EISENHOWER (WW II HERO) & NIXON (REPUBLICAN)
VS. ADLAI STEVENSON (DEMOCRAT), EISENHOWER WON IN A LANDSLIDE
2. PANMUNJOM, PLACE WHERE A CEASEFIRE WAS SIGNED ON JULY 27, 1953
ENDING THE KOREAN WAR, THE WAR ENDED IN A TIE OR STALEMATE
NOTHING CHANGED, THE BORDER BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA WAS
STILL THE 38TH PARALLEL AS IT HAD BEEN BEFORE THE WAR STARTED
3. MCCARTHY’S DOWNFALL, JOSEPH McCARTHY, A REPUBLICAN WISCONSIN
SENATOR, HAD BEEN MAKING UNTRUE STATEMENTS ABOUT COMMUNISTS
UNDER TRUMAN (A DEMOCRAT). HE CONTINUED AFTER EISENHOWER, A
REPUBLICAN, WAS ELECTED
4.ARMY-McCARTHY HEARINGS, McCARTHY CLAIMED THE ARMY WAS FULL OF
COMMUNISTS AND THE HEARINGS WERE SHOWN LIVE ON TV, HE WAS
DISGRACED BY ARMY ATTORNEY JOSEPH WELCH WHO STOOD UP TO HIM,
McCARTHY’S POWER WAS BROKEN AS OTHERS ATTACKED HIS EXCESSES
5. CENSURE, CONGRESS'S MOST SEVERE (HARSH) WAY OF CONDEMNING THE
BEHAVIOR OF A SENATOR, McCARTHY WAS CENSURED IN 1954
6.INTERNAL SECURITY, THE ANTI COMMUNIST WITCH HUNT WHEN ON THROUGH
OUT AMERICAN SOCIETY AND MANY PEOPLE LOST THEIR JOBS FOR
REASONS SUCH AS THEIR POLITICAL OPINIONS, HEAVY DRINKING,
HOMOSEXUALITY OR CHARACTER DEFECTS
7. YATES V. UNITED STATES, SUPREME COURT 1957 DECISION THAT HELPED
CURB THE ABUSES OF THE 1940'-1950'S RED SCARE, IT SAID
BELIEVING OR TEACHING REVOLUTION OR BELONGING TO A SUBVERSIVE
GROUP WAS NOT A CRIME
8.
HYDROGEN BOMB, NEW TYPE OF BOMB THAT WAS 150 TIMES MORE
POWERFUL THAN THE A-BOMBS DROPPED DURING WW II, NOVEMBER
1952; USSR HAD ONE A YEAR LATER
9. ROLLBACK, REPUBLICANS WANTED MORE THAN THE PREVIOUS CONTAINMENT
POLICY TO CONTROL COMMUNISM, THEY WANTED TO LIBERATE
(ROLLBACK) NATIONS UNDER COMMUNIST RULE
10. JOHN FOSTER DULLES, EISENHOWER SECRETARY OF STATE, HE HATED
COMMUNISM AND WANTED TO ROLL IT BACK BUT THAT WOULD HAVE
STARTED A WAR SO CONTAINMENT CONTINUED TO BE US POLICY
11.
SEATO, SOUTHEAST TREATY ORGANIZATION,
ALLIANCE WITH NATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
1954,
12. CENTO, US MILITARY ALLIANCE IN THE MIDDLE EAST
US
DEFENSIVE
13. MASSIVE RETALIATION, EISENHOWER/DULLES POLICY THAT TOLD THE
USSR WE WOULD ATTACK THEM WITH NUCLEAR
WEAPONS IF THEY TRIED ANOTHER KOREAN WAR
14. BRINKMANSHIP, NAME GIVEN TO DULLES MASSIVE RETALIATION, HE WAS
WILLING TO GO TO THE BRINK OF NUCLEAR WAR TO STOP THE
SOVIETS, SCARED MANY PEOPLE
15. FIRST WORLD , US , WESTERN EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES, RICH POWERFUL
INDUSTRIAL NATIONS
16. SECOND WORLD, USSR, CHINA AND THE COMMUNIST NATIONS OF EASTERN
EUROPE
17. THIRD WORLD, ALL NATIONS THAT WERE NOT IN THE FIRST OR SECOND,
AGRICULTURAL WAY OF LIFE, WIDESPREAD POVERTY AND ILLITERACY
AND A HISTORY OF WESTERN COLONIAL RULE
18.NEW NATIONS, NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EMERGE IN
AFRICA AND ASIA AS A RESULT OF THEIR FORMER COLONIAL MASTERS
PROBLEMS AT HOME AND INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS WITHIN THE
NATIONS THEMSELVES
19.
PROBLEMS OF NEW NATIONS, POVERTY, SOCIAL INEQUALITY,
DOMINATION BY FOREIGN INVESTORS, IT WOULD BE A STRUGGLE FOR
THEM TO BECOME ECONOMICALLY INDEPENDENT AFTER ACHIEVING
POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE
20. BATTLE GROUND, WHAT THE THIRD WORLD BECAME AS BOTH THE FIRST
AND SECOND WORLD USED THEM IN A STRUGGLE FOR WORLD DOMINATION
21. MIDDLE EAST, REGION OF THE WORLD THAT HAD MANY PROBLEMS DURING
THE 1950'S AND AFTER
22.ISRAEL, JEWISH NATION SET UP BY THE UNITED NATIONS IN 1948 TO
MAKE UP FOR THE 6 MILLION JEWS MURDERED BY GERMANY DURING WW
II
23. ARAB ISRAELI WAR, AFTER THE UN DECLARED ISRAEL A NATION ARMIES
FROM 9 ARAB STATES INVADED AND BUT FAILED IN THEIR ATTEMPT TO
DESTROY THE NEW ISRAEL IN 1948
24.IRAN, IRAN'S RICH OILFIELDS WERE OWNED BY BRITISH COMPANIES WHO
TOOK MOST OF THE PROFIT, IN 1951 A MOSSADEGH BECAME PRIME
MINISTER OF IRAN AND NATIONALIZED THE OIL FIELDS ANGERING
BRITAIN AND THE US
25. NATIONALIZATION, TAKING PRIVATELY OWNED INDUSTRIES AWAY FROM
THEIR OWNERS AND PUTTING THEM UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL
26.OPERATION AJAX, PLOT BY THE CIA TO OVERTHROW MOSSADEGH AND
REPLACE HIM WITH THE PRO-AMERICAN SHAH(KING) REZA PAHLAVI, IT
WORKED AND THE SHAH RETURNED THE OIL FIELDS TO WESTERN MOSTLY
AMERICAN COMPANIES.
27. WEST OR WESTERN WORLD, TERM DESCRIBING THE UNITED STATES AND
ITS ALLIES/ EAST REFERS TO USSR AND HER ALLIES
28.CIA, CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, US GOVT AGENCY THAT IS IN
CHARGE OF SPYING AND CONDUCTING UNDERCOVER ACTIVITIES IN
FOREIGN NATIONS
29.
SUEZ CANAL, MAN MADE CANAL IN EGYPT THAT CONNECTED THE
MEDITERRANEAN WITH THE INDIAN OCEAN, CONTROLLED BY BRITIAN
UNTIL 1954
30. GAMAL ABDEL NASSER, NATIONALIST LEADER OF EGYPT WHO TRIED TO
GET MONEY AND SUPPORT FROM BOTH THE WEST AND EAST, PLAYING
THEM OFF AGAINST EACH OTHER ANGERED THE US WHEN DULLES FOUND
OUT ABOUT IT
31.SUEZ WAR, NASSER SEIZED NATIONALIZED THE SUEZ CANAL AND REFUSED
TO ALLOW ISRAELI SHIPS TO USE IT, IN 1956 ISRAEL INVADED AND
DEFEATED EGYPT WHILE BRITAIN AND FRANCE CAPTURED THE CANAL,
BUT THE US FORCED ISRAEL, FRANCE AND BRITAIN TO LEAVE EGYPT
32.HUNGARIAN UPRISING OCT. 1956 THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE REVOLTED
AGAINST CONTROL OF THEIR NATION BY THE SOVIET UNION , USSR
QUICKLY CRUSHED THE REBELLION AND THE US DID NOTHING TO HELP
THE HUNGARIANS SHOWING THAT CONTAINMENT NOT ROLLBACK WAS THE
US POLICY
33.
GUATEMALA, WHEN A POPULAR GUATEMALAN LEADER SEIZED THE
PROPERTY OF THE UNITED FRUIT COMPANY THE CIA LED A REVOLT
WHICH SET UP A NEW GOVERNMENT WHICH GAVE THE PROPERTY BACK TO
UNITED FRUIT
34. KHRUSHCHEV HE BECAME THE
STALIN DIED IN 1953, IN
STALIN HAD COMMITTED AND
BETWEEN THE EAST AND WEST
LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER
A SPEECH HE TOLD ABOUT THE CRIMES
THERE WAS NOW HOPE THAT RELATIONS
MIGHT IMPROVE
35.U-2 INCIDENT, A US SPY PLANE (U-2) WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE
SOVIET UNION, KHRUSHCHEV CANCELLED PLANS FOR A SUMMIT MEETING
WITH EISENHOWER AND RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO SEEMED AS
DANGEROUS AS EVER
36.
ELECTION OF
LANDSLIDE
1956,
EISENHOWER
WAS
REELECTED
IN
ANOTHER
37.MODERN REPUBLICANISM, EISENHOWER’S POLICY TOWARD THE LIBERAL
NEW DEAL SOCIAL PROGRAMS, HE DID NOT CHANGE SOCIAL PROGRAMS
ALREADY IN PLACE BUT PROPOSED NO NEW ONES, ACCEPTED SOME
FEDERAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR AMERICANS WELL BEING
38. PROSPERITY, THE 1950'S WAS A TIME OF PROSPERITY WHEN THERE
WERE MANY JOBS AND LITTLE UNEMPLOYMENT AND LOW INFLATION
39.GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT, TOTAL OUTPUT OF GOODS AND SERVICES
PRODUCED BY A NATION IN ONE YEAR, IN THE US IT ROSE 250% FROM
1945 TO 1960 ( MEANS WE WERE 250% RICHER IN 1960 THAN IN
1945)
40. CONGLOMERATES, GIGANTIC CORPORATIONS MADE UP OF COMPANIES IN
DIFFERENT BUSINESSES, SOME WERE LARGER AND RICHER THAN WHOLE
NATIONS
41. AUTOMATION, THE USE OF MACHINES TO DO WORK INSTEAD OF HUMANS,
MANY PEOPLE LOST THEIR JOBS BUT IT ALSO CREATED NEW JOBS
42. AFL-CIO LARGEST UNION THAT HAD BEEN RIVALS BUT JOINED TOGETHER
INTO ONE GIANT UNION IN 1955
43. SUBURBS, MILLIONS OF PEOPLE BEGAN MOVING TO THESE NEW AREAS
OUTSIDE OF THE CITIES
44.BABY BOOM, PEOPLE BEGAN HAVING BABIES AT A MUCH HIGHER RATE
BECAUSE TIMES WERE PROSPEROUS AND PEOPLE HAD MORE CONFIDENCE
IN THE FUTURE