PS 4510/WS 4150 GENDER, ETHNICITY AND WELFARE STATES
IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE:
(FALL 2005)
Prof. Joyce Marie Mushaben
Class meets: Thursday, 2Place: SSB 344
E-mail: mushaben@umsl.edu
Office: Tower 712
Tel.: 314/516-4908
Office Hours: W 12-5pm,
& by appointment
When there are three eggs to be divided up among three table-mates, you can
give a whole one to each person. Another option is to give the yolks to one, the
whites to another and the shells to the third. This form of distribution is the
most usual.
-- Ernst Juenger
Self-sufficiency has been defined by policy-makers as not being on welfare.
It does not mean a decent life.
--Handler & Hasenfeld, We the Poor People
COURSE DESCRIPTION AND GOALS
Once associated with the ideals of social justice and democratic entitlement, the
welfare state has come under increasing attack as an impediment to global "competitiveness"
and national economic growth. Although most welfare systems -- including the one found in the
USA -- have roots dating back at least a century, the dramatic expansion of the modern
welfare state, in all of its manifestations, owes much to the reconstruction needs engulfing
many European polities after 1945, coupled with a sustained economic boom stretching from
the late 1950s to the early 1970s. Despite its demonstrated contributions to national
recovery and prosperity, the welfare state became a focus of major "deconstruction" efforts
after 1980, driven by the two leaders whose supply-side economic policies rendered more
people dependent upon "the dole" than any other Western politicians in post-WWII history:
Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher.
This course will examine the forces driving efforts to dismantle, reform or otherwise
restructure welfare state policies in a variety of advanced industrial contexts. It will consider
historical foundations, patterns of "borrowing" and expansion, basic financing and service
delivery mechanisms, as well as external factors driving significant cutbacks in social
expenditures. Our approach will be more qualitative than quantitative in nature, but students
will be expected draw upon a wide array of empirical data in broader class discussions. We will
focus on national case studies (Sweden, Germany, France, United Kingdom, the Czech Republic,
the USA), assessing these systems in relation to cross-cutting questions of class, gender,
race/ethnic origin, and democratic citizenship. Last but certainly not least, we will address
the impact of globalization on social policy developments with regard to the European Union
and select post-Communist states.
INSTRUCTIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND COURSE REQUIREMENTS
Class format will consist of a mixture of "opening remarks," student summaries of
select readings, and group discussions. Each participant will be judged on the basis of her/his
informed contributions to the broader debate, accounting for 20% of the course grade. Each
individual will "adopt" two countries, one Western/one Eastern, as a way of dividing up the
weekly reading assignments. Faithful attendance is absolutely essential to ensuring quality
class discussion (we can also have fun, as my class demonstrated a little too loudly on occasion
last semester). Any person exceeding TWO UNEXCUSED ABSENCES (as defined by the
professor) should not expect to receive an "A" grade in this course.
Individuals will moreover be evaluated on their grasp of the literature, as
demonstrated by their submission of a formal research paper (20-25 pages), composed by way
of "building-blocks" (thesis statement, research proposal, annotated bibliography, rough draft,
oral presentation, final version). These individual projects (adding up to another 80%) will
focus on the national welfare system(s) of one's choice. Guidelines regarding the analytical
framework for this paper will be forthcoming. Required readings are marked ***; the
"recommended readings" (+++) in each section are intended to give you a head start in tracking
down supplementary materials for your research project.
Required texts for this course include but are not limited to:
*** Michael Lavalette and Alan Pratt, Social Policy. A Conceptual and Theoretical
Introduction (London/Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2001 ed.)
*** The Evens Foundation, ed. Europe’s New Racism? Causes, Manifestations, and
Solutions (New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2002).
*** Matt Barnes, et al., Poverty and Social Exclusion in Europe (Cheltenham/
Northampton: Edward Elgar, 2002).
*** Laurene A. Graig, Health of Nations. An International Perspective on U.S. Health
Care Reform (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1999 ed.)
Additional readings will be placed in a binder labeled READER, available for personal
copying in Clark Hall 211-212 and SSB 347; most can also be found as “raw materials” in the
periodicals section of the Thomas Jefferson Library. Students are urged to copy or collect
materials for the entire semester early on, to ensure proper class preparation as things get
more “hectic” in the fall. Do not panic (yet) at the length of the reading list. Some chapters
are much shorter than others, and many articles will be divided up among students for oral
presentation.
DISCUSSION SCHEDULE AND READING ASSIGNMENTS
I. DEFINING THE WELFARE STATE
20. August Historical, Economic and Normative Justifications
*** Class hand-outs (available in Clark 211 by Wed. noon)
*** Europe’s New Racism, Raethzel essay
+++ Hugh Heclo, Chapter 11, "Toward a New Welfare State?" in Heidenheimer/Flora, eds. The
Development of Welfare States in Europe and America (will be distributed in class)
27. August The Utility of Competing Welfare State Models
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Intro, Chapters 1 & 2 (Theoretical Approaches)
*** Joyce Marie Mushaben, "Challenging the Maternalist Presumption: Women and Welfare
Reform in Germany and the United States," in Nancy Hirschmann & Ulrike Liebert, eds.,
Women and Welfare. Theory and Practice in the United States and Europe (New
Brunswick/London: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1999).
*** Nancy Fraser & Linda Gordon, "'Dependency' Demystified: Inscriptions of Power in a
Keyword of the Welfare State," Social Politics, Spring 1994: 4-31 (Reader)
+++ Esping-Anderson, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Chapters 1, 4, 9
3. September Exploring Old and New Forms of Poverty
*** William O'Hare, A New Look at Poverty in America, special edition of the Population
Bulletin, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Reader)
*** Jonathan Kozol, "East St. Louis," from Savage Inequalities. Children in American Schools
(Reader)
*** Leon Dash, "Rosa Lee," The Washington Post, 1994 (Hand-out, 8-part series)
*** R. Herrnstein/C. Murray, selections from The Bell Curve (Reader)
+++ IF YOU ARE FEELING REALLY AMBITIOUS, ALSO READ ONE OF THESE:
* Chap. 1 (Allen/Turner, Los Angeles);
* Chap. 2 (Howenstein, Chicago),
both are found in Curtis Roseman, Hans Dieter Laux & Guenther Thieme, EthniCity.
Geographic Perspectives on Ethnic Change in Modern Cities (Rowman & Littlefield, 1996) in my
office.
10. September Identity, Gender, Race/Ethnicity in Welfare Theory and Practice
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapters 5, 6 and 7
*** Europe’s New Racism, Verlot essay, Solomos & Schuster essay
*** Gwendolyn Mink, "Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race and the Origins of the Welfare
State" in Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State and Welfare (Reader)
+++ Fiona Williams, "Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Welfare States: A Framework for
Comparative Analysis," Social Politics, 1994.
+++ David Zucchino, Myth of the Welfare Queen (New York: Simon & Schuster,1997),
II. WELFARE SYSTEMS AT WORK
DO NOT PANIC (yet) AT THE NUMBER OF ASSIGNMENTS. THESE READINGS WILL BE
DIVIDED UP IN ACCORDANCE WITH STUDENTS' "ADOPTION" PREFERENCES
17. September The Liberal-Collectivist State: Britain and Ireland
ACHTUNG!!! ATTENZIONI!!!
O N E - P A G E
T H E S I S
P A P E R
D U E
EVERYONE READS:
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapters 9 and 11
*** Graig, Health of Nations, Chapters 1 & 7
*** Barnes, et al., Poverty and Social Exclusion, Chap. 4
*** ALSO READ AT LEAST ANY TWO:
Britain
*** Bennington, J. and Taylor, M. "Changes and Challenges Facing the UK Welfare State in the
Europe of the 1990s," Policy and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, 1993, pp. 121-34 (Reserve).
*** Simon Duncan & Ros Edwards, „Lone Mothers and Paid Work: Neighborhoods, Local Labor
Markets, and Welfare State Regimes,“ Social Politics (Summer/Fall 1996): 195-221
Ireland
*** Seamus O Cinneide, "Ireland and the European Welfare State," Policy and Politics, vol. 21,
no. 2, 1993 (Reserve)
*** "Ireland: Catholic Corporatism," Chapter 8, in Allan Cochrane & John Clarke, Comparing
Welfare States. Britain in International Context (London: Sage, 1993)
+++ Richard Freeman, "Prevention and Government: Health Policy Making in the United
Kingdom and Germany," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1995)):
745-765 (Reserve)
24. September Social-States in Regulated Economies: Germany and the Netherlands
EVERYONE READS:
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapter 12
*** Graig, Health of Nations, Chapters 3 & 4
*** Poverty and Social Exclusion, Chapter 6
*** Ronald Van Kempen & Gideon S. Bolt, "Turks in the Netherlands. Urban Segregation and
Neighborhood Choice," American Behavioral Scientist, vo. 41, no. 3, Nov./Dec. 1997: 374-395
*** ALSO READ AT LEAST TWO:
Germany
*** Ilona Ostner, "Back to the Fifties: Gender and Welfare in Unified Germany," Social
Politics, 1/1994.
*** Peter H. Merkl, "An Impossible Dream? Privatizing Collective Property in Eastern
Germany" from D. Hancock and H. Welsh, eds., German Unification. Process and Outcomes, pp;
199-222. (Reader)
Netherlands
*** Sako Musterd/Wim Ostendorf, "Ethnicity and the Dutch Welfare State: The Case of
Amsterdam." pp. 121-140, in EthniCity.
*** Gowricharn, Ruben, „Integration and social cohesion: the case of the Netherlands,“
Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, No. 2 (April 2002): 259-273.
*** Trudie Knijn, "Fish without Bikes: Revision of the Dutch Welfare State," Social Politics
1/1994
*** Frederik T. Schut, "Health Care Reform in the Netherlands: Balancing Corporatism,
Etatism, and Market Mechanisms," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3
(Fall 1995): 615-652.
+++ Schmidt, Manfred, "Learning from Catastrophes: West Germany's Public Policy," in F.
Castles,. ed., The Comparative History of Public Policy, London: Polity Press, 1989, 2, 1994 pp.
163-74.
1. October Model-States in Crisis? Scandinavian Systems
EVERYONE READS:
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapter 14
*** Graig, Health of Nations, Chapter 5
*** Poverty and Social Exclusion, Intro & Chapter 1
*** Europe’s New Racism, Fortman essay
*** ALSO READ TWO OF THESE:
*** S. Markland, "The Decomposition of Social Policy in Sweden," Scandinavian Journal of
Social Welfare, vol. 1, no. 1. 1992
*** B.R. Andersen, "The Nordic Welfare State under Pressure: The Danish Experience,"
Policy and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, 1993, pp.109-20.
*** Alesto/Bislev/Furaker, "Welfare State Employment in Scandinavia," in J. Kolberg, ed., The
Welfare State as Employer (Reserve)
+++ Mark Graham + Shahram Khosravi, "Home is Where You Make It: Repatriation and
Diaspora Culture among Iranians in Sweden," Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 10, no. 2 1997
(Reserve)
8. October Centralized Clientelism: France, Italy and Greece
############ Research Proposal Due, 5:30 pm ###############
EVERYONE READS:
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapters 13
*** Poverty and Social Exclusion, Chapter 2 &3
*** ALSO READ AT LEAST TWO OF THESE:
France
*** Jane Jenson & Mariette Sineau, "Family Policy and Women's Citizenship in Mitterrand's
France, Social Politics (Fall 1995): 244-269 (Reserve)
*** Bruno Palier, “’Defrosting’ the French Welfare State,” in Maurizio Ferrera & Martin
Rhodes, eds., Recasting European Welfare States (London: frank Cass, 2000): 113-136 (in my
office)
Italy
*** Chiara Saraceno, "The Ambivalent Familialism of the Italian Welfare State," Social
Politics 1/1994
*** C. Saraceno & N. Negri, "The Changing Italian Welfare State," Journal of European Social
Policy, vol. 4, no. 1, 1994, pp. 19-34
*** Maurizio Ferrera, " The Rise and Fall of Democratic Universalism: Health Care Reform in
Italy, 1978-1994," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1995): 275302.
+++
Ada Becchi, "The Changing Space of Italian Cities," American Behavioral Scientist, vol.
41,
no. 3, (Nov./Dec. 1997): 360-373.
Greece
*** M. Petmesidou, "Statism, Social Policy and the Middle Classes in Greece," Journal of
European Social Policy, vol. 1, no. 1 1991: 31-48 (Reserve)
Spain
*** L. Ayala, "Social Needs, Inequality and the Welfare State in Spain: Trends and
Prospects,“ Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 4, no. 3, 1994: 159-79 (Reserve
15. October Social Exclusion: Migrants, Refugees and Asylum-Seekers
EVERYONE READS:
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapter 10
*** Poverty and Social Exclusion, Chapter 7
*** Europe’s New Racism, essays by Lerner, Hentges, Verkuyten, Campani
*** Brett Klopp, “The political incorporation of EU foreigners before and after
Maastricht: the new local politics in Germany,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28,
No. 2 (April 2002): 239-257 (Reader)
*** Handouts & individual readings, TBA (e.g., info on California’s Prop 187)
22. October Singing the Post-Communist Privatization Blues
*** Lavalette & Pratt, Social Policy, Chapter 3
*** Poverty and Social Exclusion, Chapter 5
*** Robert Holzmann, "Social policy in transition from plan to market," Journal of Public
Policy, 12/1, 1992: 1-35. (Reader)
*** Europe’s New Racism, Greskovits essay
ALSO READ AT LEAST ONE OF THESE:
*** Toni Makki, Chap. 12, "Social Policy and Gender in Eastern Europe," in Gendering Welfare
States (Reader)
*** Tayana Kotzeva, “Re-imaging Bulgarian Women--The Marxist legacy and Women’s SelfIdentity, ” in Chris Corrin, ed., Gender and Identity in central and Eastern Europe (London:
Frank Cass, 1999): pp 83-98 (Reader).
*** Rachel Alsop, “ Changing States: Redefining Women, Work and Welfare,” in A Reversal of
Fortunes? Women, Work and Change in East Germany (in my office)
*** Jacqui True, “Establishing Labor Markets,” Gender, Globalization and Post-Socialism. The
Czech republic after Communism, (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003) -- in my office.
+++Claus Offe, "The Politics of Social Policy in East European Transitions: Antecedents,
Agents, and Agenda of Reform," Social Research, vol. 60, no. 4 (Winter 1993): 649-684.
+++ Selections from Bob Deacon, The New Eastern Europe: Social Policy, Past, Present and
Future (Sage, 1992): "Social Policy in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary..."
III. STILL
THE
AGE
OF
AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM?
29. October
Frameworks Matter! Universality, Means-testing and "Privatization"
*** David Wagner, Chapt. 2, “Charity and the Poor,” in What’s Love Got to Do with It? A
Critical Look at American Charity ( New York: New Press, 2000)
*** Virginia Sapiro, "The Gender Basis of American Social Policy," Political Science Quarterly
101, 1986, pp. 221-238 (Reader).
*** Joel F. Handler, Chap. 4, Down from Bureaucracy. The Ambiguity of Privatization and
Empowerment (Reader)
*** Hand-outs on Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid
+++ Selections from Paul Pierson (Chaps. 1, 2, 6) in Dismantling the Welfare State? Reagan,
Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment
+++ Excerpts from Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor
5. November US “Welfare as We Knew It”
@@@@@@@@@@@ Annotated Bibliography Due at 5pm @@@@@@@@@@@@@
*** Teresa Amott, "Black Women and AFDC: Making Entitlement out of Necessity," in Linda
Gordon, Women, the State and Welfare, op. cit.
***Graig, Health of Nations, Chapter 2 and 6
*** Madonna Harrington Meyer, "Making Claims as Workers or Wives: The Distribution of
Social Security Benefits," American Sociological Review, Vo. 61, June 1996: 449-465.
*** James W. Fossett & James H. Wyckoff, "Has Medicaid Growth Crowded out State
Educational Spending?"JHPPL, 1996: 409-432.
+++ Theda Skocpol, Intro, Chaps. 1-4 in Social Policy in the United States (my office)
12. November Reforming the American Ill-fare State
*** Hand-outs on TANF/PRWORA and “faith-based” welfare programs
*** Jacob S. Hacker, "National Health Care Reform: An Idea Whose Time Came and Went, "
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law (hereafter JHPPL), Vol 21, no. 4 Winter 1996: 647695
*** Michael Sparer, "Medicaid Managed Care and the Health Reform Debate: Lessons from
New York and California, " JHPPL, 1996: 433-460 (Reader)
*** Teresa Amott, "Reforming Welfare or Reforming the Labor Market: Lessons from the
Massachusetts Employment Training Experience, Social Justice, vol. 21, no. 1, Spring 1994: 3337 (Reader)
*** Richard Cloward, "The Workfare Hoax," Social Justice, vol. 21, no. 1, Spring 1994: 38-40,
(Reader)
+++ Anne Showstack Sassoon, "Women's New Social Role: Contradictions in the Welfare
State," In Linda Gordon, Women and the State
V. GOING GLOBAL: “SOCIAL DUMPING” VERSUS “BEST PRACTICES”
19. November The European Union: Disaggregating Economic and Social Citizenship
*** Graig, Health of Nations, Chapter 8
*** Europe’s New Racism, essays by Maier, Gundara, Pinxten & Cornelis
*** MISSOC info (www.europa.eu.int)
+++ Anette Borcherst, "Welfare State Regimes... and the EC," in Gendering Welfare States.
+++ Cochrane & Doogan, "Welfare Policy: the dynamics of European integration," Policy and
Politics, vol. 21, no. 2 (1993): 85-95.
+++ Abrahamson, P. "Welfare and Poverty in the Europe of the 1990s. Social Progress or
Social Dumping?,“ International Journal of Health Service, vol. 21, no. 2, 1991
+++ Green Paper: European Social Policy. Options for the Union (European Commission Report,
1993)
+++ Elizabeth Meehan, Citizenship and the European Community (Reserve)
26. November
3. December
THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY – NO CLASS
Prometheus Unbound: Will Capitalism Survive Beyond the Year 2000?
@@@@@@@@@@ R e s e a r c h P a p e r D r a f t d u e @@@@@@@@@@
-------->>>>> Oral summaries of research findings (10 minutes) <<<<<------*** Lavalette & Pratt, Chapter 8
*** William W. Goldsmith, "The Metropolis and Globalization. The Dialectics of Racial
Discrimination, Deregulation and Urban Form," American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 41, No. 3
(Nov./Dec. 1997): 299-310 (Reader).
*** Handout on George Soros
+++ Jane Jenson, "Some Consequences of Economic and Political Restructuring and
Readjustment," Social Politics, Spring 1996: 1-29.
+++ Deborah Mitchell & Geoffrey Garrett, "Women and the Welfare State in a Era of Global
Markets," Social Politics, Summer/Fall 1996: 185-93.
9-10 December Intensive Study Days
12. December
F I N A L
D R A F T
O F
R E S E A R C H
P A P E R
D U E
Welfare States: Supplementary Bibliography
Abel-Smith, B. and Mossialos, E. "Cost Containment and Health Care reform: A Study of the
European Union," Health Policy, vol. 28, no. 2, 1994, pp. 89-132
Abrahamson, P. "Welfare and Poverty in the Europe of the 1990s. Social Progress or Social
Dumping?,“ International Journal of Health Service, vol. 21, no. 2, 1991
Alber, J. "Is There a Welfare Crisis?" European Sociological Review, vol. 4, no. 3 December
1988, pp. 181-203
Ambler, J.S. ed., The French Welfare State: Surviving Social and Ideological Change, New
York/London: New York University Press, 1991
Amott, Teresa, L. "Black Women and AFDC: Making Entitlement out of Necessity, in Linda
Gordon, ed., Women, the State and Welfare, Madison: U of Wisconsin Press, 1990
Andersen, B.R., "The Nordic Welfare State under Pressure: The Danish Experience," Policy
and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, 1993, pp.109-20.
Ayala, L. "Social Needs, Inequality and the Welfare State in Spain: Trends and Prospects,"
Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 4, no. 3 1994, pp. 159-79
Becchi, Ada, "The Changing Space of Italian Cities," American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 41, no.
3, (Nov./Dec. 1997): 360-373.
Bennett, W. Lance & Erik Asard, "The Marketplace of Ideas: The Rhetoric and Politics of Tax
Reform in Sweden and the United States," Polity, vol. XXVIII, No. 1 (Fall 1995): 2-23.
Bennington, J. and Taylor, M. "Changes and Challenges Facing the UK Welfare State in the
Europe of the 1990s," Policy and Politics, vol. 21, no. 2, 1993, pp. 121-34.
Bos, D. "Privatisation in Europe: A Comparison of Approaches," Oxford Economic Policy Review,
vol. 9, no. 1 Spring 1993, pp. 95-111.
Bradshaw, J. Ditch, J. and Homes, H. "A Comparative Study of Child Support in Fifiteen
Countries, Journal of European Social Policy, vol. 3, no. 4, 1993, pp. 255-71
Castles, Francis G. & Christopher Pierson, "A NEW CONVERGENCE? Recent policy
developments in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand," Policy and Politics, vol. 24,
no. 3 (199x): 233-245.
Cousins, Christine „SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN EUROPE: paradigms of social disadvantage in
Germany, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom,“ Politics & Policy, vol. 26, no. 2 : 127-145.
Dietz, Barbara, “German and Jewish Migration from the former Soviet Union to Germany:
background, trends and implications,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4
(October 2000): 635-652.
Duran, Clemente Ruiz, "In quest of a welfare system for the XXIst century: the case of
developing economies“ (Washington University 1993).
Eisenstein, Zillah, "East European Male Democracies," in Funk and Mueller, Gender Politics and
Post-Communism (New York/London: Routledge, 1993).
Elster, Jon, Claus Offe, and Ulrich K. Preuss, Institutional Design in Post-Communist
Societies. Rebuilding the Ship at Sea (Cambridge UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998)
Fawcett, Helen, "The Privatisation of Welfare: The Impact of Parties on the Private/Public
Mix in pension Provision," West European Politics, vol, 18, no. 4 (Oct. 1995): 150-169.
Ferrera, Maurizio, "The Rise and Fall of Democratic Universalism: Health care Reform in Italy,
1978-1994," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1995): 275-302.
Ferrera, Maurizio & Martin Rhodes, eds., Recasting European Welfare States (London: frank
Cass, 2000).
Furniss, Norman & Neil Mitchell, "Social Welfare Provisions in Western Europe. Current
Status and Future Possibilities, in Harrell R. Rodgers, Jr, Public Policy and Social Institutions
(Greenwood, Conn: JAI Press)
Garpenby, Peter, "Health Care reform in Sweden in the 1990s: Local Pluralism versus National
Coordination," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1995): 695-737.
George, Vic and Peter Taylor Gooby, European Welfare Policy, Squaring the Welfare Circle
(New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996).
Gowricharn, Ruben, „Integration and social cohesion: the case of the Netherlands,“ Journal of
Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, No. 2 (April 2002): 259-273.
Haney, Lynne, "But We Are Still Mothers": Social Policy in Hungary," Social Politics (1996?)
Hernes, Helga, "The Transition from Private to Public Dependence," Welfare State and
Woman Power (Oslo: Norwegian Univ. Press, 1987)
Hinrichs, Karl, "The Impact of German Health Insurance Reforms on Redistribution and the
Culture of Solidarity," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall
1995):653-686
Hirschmann, Nancy and Ulrike Liebert, eds., Women and Welfare. Theory and Practice in the
United States and Europe (New Brunswick/London: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1999).
Ireland, Patrick R. “Socialism, Unification Policy and the Rise of Racism in Eastern Germany,”
International Migration Review, 31, No. 3 (Fall 1997): 541-568.
Van Kempen, Ronald & Gideon S. Bolt, "Turks in the Netherlands. Urban Segregation and
Neighborhood Choice," American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 41, no. 3 Nov./Dec. 1997: 374-395
Klopp, Brett, “The political incorporation of EU foreigners before and after Maastricht: the
new local politics in Germany,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28, No. 2 (April 2002):
239-257.
Knijn, Trudie, "Fish without Bikes: Revision of the Dutch Welfare State," Social Politics
1/1994.
Lambert,, Helene, “Asylum-seekers, refugees and the European Union: case studies of France
and the UK,” in : 112-...
Lawson, R. "The Challenge of New Poverty. Lessons from Europe and North America,"
International Politics and Society.
Lee, Sharon M., "Poverty and the US Asian Population, Social Science Quarterly, vol. 75, no. 3
(September 1994).
Leibfried, Stephan and Paul Pierson, "Semisovereign Welfare States: Social Policy in a
Multitiered Europe," in Leibfried and Pierson, eds., European Social Policy, Between
Fragmentation and Integration, Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995.
Marcuse, Peter, "The Ghetto of Exclusion and the Fortified Enclave, New Patterns in the
United States, American Behavioral Scientist, vo. 41, no. 3 Nov./Dec. 1997: 311-339.
Markland, S. "The Decomposition of Social Policy in Sweden," Scandinavian Journal of Social
Welfare, vol. 1, no. 1. 1992: 2-11.
Mavrogordatos, G. "Greece," European Journal of Political Research, vol. 26, nos. 3/4,
December 1994, pp. 313-19.
McCrate, Elaine, "Welfare and Women's Earnings," Politics and Society, vol. 25, no. 4 (Dec.
1997): 417-442.
Mink, Gwendolyn, "Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race and the Origins of the Welfare State" in
Linda Gordon, ed., Women, the State and Welfare, op. cit.
Mishra, R. "Social Policy in the Post-Modern World," in C. Jones, ed., New Perspectives on the
Welfare State in Europe.
Moran, M. Review Article: "Crises of the Welfare State,“ British Journal of Political Science,
vol. 18, 1988, pp. 397-414.
Offe, Claus. "The Politics of Social Policy in East European transitions: Antecedents, Agents,
and Agenda of Reform," Social Research, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Winter 1993), pp. 649-684.
Olson, Joan Toms, "Perceptions of global Inequality: A Call for Research," Social Justice
Research, vol. 10, no. 1 (!997): 39- 63.
Orloff, Ann, "Gender in the Welfare State," Annual Review of Sociology (1996, 22: 51-78.
Ostner, Ilona, "Back to the Fifties: Gender and Welfare in Unified Germany," Social Politics
1/1994.
Pacolet, Jozef & Katia Versieck, The State of the Welfare State, Anno 1992. First
conclusions of the comparative study (Athens: Economic Integration in Transition, Aug. 21-24,
1996).
Patterson, Martha Priddy, "Women's Employment Patterns, Pension Coverage, and Retirement
Planning," in The American Woman, 1995-96.
Petmesidou, M. "Statism, Social Policy and the Middle Classes in Greece," Journal of European
Social Policy, vol. 1, no. 1, 1991, pp. 31-48.
Pierson, Paul, "The Creeping Nationalization of Income Transfers in the United States, 193594," in Leibfried/Pierson, European Social Policy, op. cit.
Pontussen, J. "At the End of the Third Road: Swedish Social Democracy in Crisis," Politics and
Society, vol. 20, no. 3, 1992.
Sainesbury, Diane, ed., Gendering Welfare States (Thousand Oaks CA: Sage, 1994).
Sapiro, Virginia, "The Gender Basis of American Social Policy," Political Science Quarterly 101,
1986, pp. 221-238.
Saraceno, Chiara, "The Ambivalent Familialism of the Italian Welfare State," Social Politics
1/1994.
Saraceno, C. and Negri, N. "The Changing Italian Welfare State," Journal of European Social
Policy, vol. 4, no. 1, 1994, pp. 19-34.
Sassoon, Anne Showstack, "Women's New Social Role: Contradictions in the Welfare State," in
Linda Gordon, ed., Women and the State, op.cit.
Schmidt, Manfred, "Learning from Catastrophes: West Germany's Public Policy," in Francis
Castles,. ed., The Comparative History of Public Policy, London: Polity Press, 1989, 2, 1994 pp.
163-74.
Schut, Frederik T., "Health Care Reform in the Netherlands: Balancing Corporatism, Etatism,
and Market Mechanisms," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Fall 1995):
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