Citing (Chicago Manual of Style/Turabian)
One of the more frustrating aspects of history for students is learning how to properly cite
their work. I have been doing this 1994 and to this day I must pull out a copy of one of
these books to refresh my memory before submitting any manuscript to my publisher:
Storey, William Kelleher, Writing History: A Guide for Students (Oxford University
Press, 2003) ISBN 0195166094
Turabian, Kate, et al., A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and
Dissertations, Seventh Edition: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers (University
of Chicago Press, 2007), ISBN 0226823377
I cannot impress upon you the need for you to get your hands on both of these resources,
especially if you are a history or education major.
Students never fail because they cited incorrectly (although incorrect citations will result
in a lower grade); students do fail because they do not cite at all. Failure to cite is by
definition plagiarism
Location
1. Footnotes are located at the bottom of the page while endnotes begin at the very
end of the paper. For my classes, please use footnotes if your work is longer than
five (5) pages; use endnotes if your work is between one and five pages. How you
cite your evidence will be the same regardless if the citations appear at the bottom
of each page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnotes).
How to
1. First, you place your cursor where you want the citation number to appear
(usually directly following the punctuation).
2. Then, in the INSERT menu of Word click reference
3. Depending if you are using footnotes or endnotes click the appropriate choice
(some versions of Word have you click footnotes and then ask you to chose
between footnotes or endnotes)
4. Click insert(please do not alter the default settings)
5. A box will appear at the bottom of the page (footnotes) or at the end of your work
(endnotes); please type the required information there.
6. Remember: titles are always italicized
Required Information
1. First Time. The first time that you use any source you must create a citation that
provides all identifiable evidence for the readers such as in the case of a book:
Author, Name of Source, Place of Publication, Name of Publisher, Year of
Publication, and page number(s).
Book:
Donald N. McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade in Victorian Britain: Essays in Historical Economics
(London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 54.
For a primary source or government document, please provide the name of the
speaker or author (if possible), the title of the document, and the year the
document was written or spoken, and other identifiable information (this is more
so when you use government docs than say speeches).
Primary Source Document:
Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address, 1865
Government documents can be tricky because these publications rarely follow a
standard format regarding author, title, et cetera. Remember government
documents are PRINTED not PUBLISHED by the Government Printing Office.
Author (Agency). Title, edition, statement. Place of publication: Publisher, Date.
(Series elements). (Notes). [ If including Superintendent of Documents number,
enter in Notes ]
Government Document:
U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI Mission: To Uphold the Law. Washington:
Government Printing Office, 1990.
Or
Non-governmental Agency
Official Records of the United Nations Security Council, Fifth Year, Supplement for September
through December 1950, documents S/1790, S/1794, and S/1982.
2. Subsequent Times. After you have provided the readers with all required
information (above), each subsequent use of that same source will be cited using a
brief method: Last name of author, Shortened Title of Book, and the page
number(s).
McCloskey, Enterprise and Trade, 61.
Lincoln, Second Inaugural
FBI, FBI Mission, 1990
UNSC, S/1794
3. Consecutive Times. If you cite from the same sources on consecutive times, you
need to use a very short Latin word (Ibid) and the page number (provided that the
page number is different from the previous citation; if you are citing from the
same source AND the same page number then all you need to use is the Latin
word (Ibid).
Ibid., 36
or
Ibid.
4. Electronic Sources. As with hardcopy evidence, all electronic evidence must also
be cited. One of the differences between your citation methods is that all
electronic sources need the exact URL as well as the date you last accessed the
information. For example,
“Inaugural Address,” March 4 th, 1805; John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American
Presidency Project [online]. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters
(database); located at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=25804 (last accessed September
4th, 2006).
Or
United Nations General Assembly Resolutions, 1990. Resolution 45/67, The Question of
Palestine. In United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine[Online]. Available
http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/d8b1179d9f31d9928
52560c8003e6513!OpenDocument (last accessed November 27, 2006).
For subsequent uses of electronic sources, please use a truncated method as
above.
“Inaugural Address,” 1805
UNGAR, 1990, 45/67
For more information, please see the “Writing Resources” section of my web site, see me
during my office hours, or use one of these electronic sources:
http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/turabian.htm
http://www.libs.uga.edu/ref/turabian.html
http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html