Matthew Neal
Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Adviser
Overview
The Gaige Technology and Business Innovation Building
• Reading, PA – PSU Berks Campus
• Classrooms, Labs and Offices
• ~ 64,000 SF
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
• Constructed in 2010/2011
• $25.7 Million
• LEED Gold
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 2
Existing Conditions
Mechanical Design
• Packaged Roof-Top Units
 VAV with Reheat
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 CO2 and Occupancy Sensors
• Fin tube / Radiant Panel Heating
• Natural Gas & Electricity Utilities
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 3
Existing Conditions
Energy Model
• Initially modeled using Trace 700
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
$9,000.00
$8,000.00
$7,000.00
$6,000.00
$5,000.00
$4,000.00
$3,000.00
$2,000.00
$1,000.00
$-
Electricity
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
May-13
Apr-13
Mar-13
Feb-13
Jan-13
Dec-12
Nov-12
Oct-12
Sep-12
Aug-12
Jul-12
May-12
Natural Gas
Jun-12
 Based on engineer’s model
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Slide 4
Existing Conditions
Energy Model
• Initially modeled using Trace 700
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Monthly Electrical Load
( kWh)
• Compared to Utility Data
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
Acutal Costs
Modeled Costs
Monthly Natural Gas ( MCF)
 Based on engineer’s model
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
150.0
Acutal Costs
Modeled Costs
100.0
50.0
0.0
20,000
0
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 5
Existing Conditions
Energy Model
• Initially modeled using Trace 700
 Based on engineer’s model
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Monthly Natural Gas Load
( MCF)
• Compared to utility data
• Validated to utility data
Monthly Electrical Load
( kWh)
 2.1 % maximum error
Spring 2014
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
350.0
300.0
250.0
200.0
Actual Consumption
Acutal Costs
Validated Model
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
Actual Consumption
Validated Model
0
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 6
Geothermal Depth
•
•
•
•
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Large open space
Potential energy savings
Potential emissions reductions
Life-costs of system
Energy Consumption
(Btu/hr)
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Initial Motivation
Open area surrounding Gaige Building
500000
Misc Fuel
400000
Equip/Recep
300000
Pumps
200000
Fans
100000
Lighting
0
Cooling
Heating
The Gaige Building
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 7
Geothermal Depth
• 23,636 feet of well required
• 100 required vertical wells
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Alternative 1: Vertical Loop System
To next bore
To previous
bore
 20% safety
 300’ well depth
 Costs per well - $3,714.25
1 inch HDPE
piping
300 feet
Bentonite
backfill
Required Number of Vertical Bores
Spring 2014
Well
Required Bore
Depth
Length
100
23636.4
237
284
200
23636.4
119
142
300
23636.4
79
95
400
23636.4
60
71
# of Wells
# of Wells, 20%
Saftey
6 in.
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 8
Geothermal Depth
Alternative 2: Horizontal Loop System
• 28,550 ft. of horizontal loops
 Based on 20% safety
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 Cost per 300’: $3,435.62
Required Number of Horizontal Loops
Spring 2014
Loop Length
Number of Loops
Total Length
800
20
16000
775
1
775
750
4
3000
700
5
3500
675
1
675
650
4
2600
400
5
2000
Total Length
28550
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 9
Geothermal Depth
Alternative Cost Comparisons
• Increased first costs:
 Savings from original design
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 Added geothermal costs
Horizontal - Increased First-Costs
 Time & Location adjustments
Cost Item
Vertical - Increased First-Costs
Cost Item
Increased First Cost - General
Location Multiplier - Reading PA
$ 655,736.06
0.988
Increased First Cost - Reading
$ 647,867.23
Savings from Original Design - 2009
$ 484,710.00
Time Multiplier - 2014 to 2009
Savings from Original Design - 2014
Spring 2014
Amount
Increased First Cost - General
Amount
$ 601,959.52
Location Multiplier - Reading PA
0.988
Increased First Cost - Reading
$ 594,736.01
Savings from Original Design - 2009
$ 484,710.00
Time Multiplier - 2014 to 2009
Savings from Original Design - 2014
0.889
$ 545,230.60
Overall First Cost Increase: $ 49,505.41
0.889
$ 545,230.60
Overall First Cost Increase: $ 102,636.63
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 10
Geothermal Depth
Annual Emissions Reductions
• Little change in emissions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 Increased electricity emissions
Difference in Total Annual Emissions
Original Emissions
Geothermal Emissions
Decrease
(lb/yr)
(lb/yr)
%
CO2e
2321124.8
2270409.1
2.18%
CO2
2194071.2
2140470.1
2.44%
CH4
4526.3
4661.8
-2.99%
NOx
3896.3
3905.4
-0.23%
SOx
10799.6
11128.1
-3.04%
CO
1173.6
1117.3
4.80%
258316.8
266191.0
-3.05%
Pollutant
Spring 2014
Solid Waste
Pounds of Pollutant per Year
 Decreased natural gas emissions
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
Natural Gas
Electricity
1.00E+06
5.00E+05
0.00E+00
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 11
Geothermal Depth
Annual Energy Savings
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
• Similar annual electricity consumption
 Heat pump operation
• Annual Energy Savings: $8,494.00
Spring 2014
Monthly Costs ( $)
• Almost eliminated natural gas consumption
$4,500.00
$4,000.00
$3,500.00
$3,000.00
$2,500.00
$2,000.00
$1,500.00
$1,000.00
$500.00
$-
April 15th, 2014
Original
Design
Geothermal
Design
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 12
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
• Vertical Well Design:
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Present Value of Savings
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
 Simple: 12.1 years
 Simple: 5.8 years
 Discounted: 12.7 years
 Discounted: 6.1 years
60000
120000
40000
100000
20000
0
-20000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-40000
-60000
-80000
-100000
-120000
Spring 2014
• Horizontal Loop Design:
Present Value of Savings
Geothermal Depth
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
-20000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
-40000
-60000
Years
April 15th, 2014
Years
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 13
Geothermal Depth
Alternative Selection
• Horizontal Design
 Best Payback – 6.1 years
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 Large space requirements
• Vertical Design
 Favorable Payback – 12.7 years
 Less space requirements
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 14
Acoustics Breadth
Onsite Measurements
• Comparisons to ANSI S12.60
• Reverberation Time (T30)
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
 0.7 for > 10,000 ft3
Classrooms < 10,000 ft3
 0.6 for < 10,000 ft3
1.10
Classrooms > 10,000 ft3
1.20
0.90
Classroom 120
0.70
Classroom 122
1.00
0.50
Classroom 248
Classroom 121
0.80
Classroom 246
0.60
Target RT
0.30
Classroom 247
Target RT
0.40
0.10
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
0.20
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 15
• Comparisons to ANSI S12.60
• Background Noise Level (BNL)
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Onsite Measurements
 NC – 30
90
Sound Pressure Level (dB re: 20 µPa
Acoustics Breadth
80
70
NC-70
60
NC-60
50
NC-50
40
NC-40
30
Classroom 120
Classroom 121
Classroom 122
Classroom 246
Classroom 247
Classroom 248
NC-30
20
NC-20
10
0
63
Spring 2014
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 16
Acoustics Breadth
• Comparisons to ANSI S12.60
• Transmission Loss (TL) & Sound Trans. Coefficient (STC)
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
50.0
40.0
30.0
TL Data
Contour
20.0
10.0
0.0
Spring 2014
Third Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
Apparent Transmission Loss, ATL (dB)
60.0
Classroom 121 to 122, 49 ASTC
Classroom 120 to 121, 46 ASTC
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
Apparent Transmission Loss, ATL
(dB)
 STC – 50 between classrooms
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
TL Data
Contour
20.0
10.0
0.0
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Onsite Measurements
Third Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 17
Acoustics Breadth
• Comparisons to ANSI S12.60
• Transmission Loss (TL) & Sound Trans. Coefficient (STC)
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Classroom 247 to 248, 38 ASTC
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
TL Data
Contour
20.0
10.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
Spring 2014
Third Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
TL Data
Contour
20.0
Third Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
Apparent Transmission Loss, ATL
(dB)
Classroom 246 to 247, 40 ASTC
Apparent Transmission Loss, ATL
(dB)
 STC – 50 between classrooms
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Onsite Measurements
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 18
Acoustics Breadth
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Onsite Measurements
50.0
40.0
30.0
TL Data
Contour
20.0
10.0
0.0
125
160
200
250
315
400
500
630
800
1000
1250
1600
2000
2500
3150
4000
Apparent Transmission Loss, ATL
(dB)
Classroom 247 to 248, 38 ASTC
Third Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 19
Acoustics Breadth
Heat Pump Sound Isolation
• Option 1: ceiling plenum
• Classroom & heat pump modeled in Odeon
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
• Option 2: mechanical room
 Meets 35 dBA criteria
 ~ 20 to26 dBA
 Inadequate background noise level
SPL(A) (dB)
>= 54.1
SPL(A) (dB)
54.0
 ~ 50 to 55 dBA
SPL(A) (dB)
>= 54.1
P7P6
P4P5
1 P3P2
P4
P1
P3
P2
O
53.6
53.5
53.3
Y
2
P4
P5
P7
P6
X
53.6
53.5
53.3
52.8
53.5
24.3
1
P1
23.9
52.5
52.3
P7
P13 P6
P12
P4
P10 P5
P11
P3
P9 P2
P8
53.0
53.0
52.8
2
P7
P13
P6
P12
P4
P10
P5
P11
P3
P9
P2
P8
52.6
52.5
P7
P6
P13
P12P4
P5
P10
P11P3
P2
P9
P8
52.5
Odeon©1985-2013 Licensed to: Penn State University, USA Restricted version - research and teaching only!
Spring 2014
Odeon©1985-2012 DEMOVERSION
Odeon©1985-2013 Licensed to: Penn State University, USA Restricted version - research and teaching only!
<= 51.7
2
2
2
2
2
2
23.1
22.7
22.3
21.9
<= 20.8
April 15th, 2014
51.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
2
2
2
<= 2
Odeon©1985-2013 Licensed to: Penn State University, USA Restricted version - research and teaching only!
51.8
<= 51.7
2
2
21.1
52.1
52.0
2
2
Odeon©1985-2013 Licensed to: Penn State University, USA Restricted version - research and teaching only! 52.0
51.8
23.5
21.5
52.3
52.3
52.0
2
Y
2
53.1
52.8
52.6
25.1
O
24.7
53.3
53.0
P3
P2
2
2
P6
P5
2
Z
53.8
53.8
P7
>= 25.7
53.8
Z
X
SPL(A) (dB)
54.0
>= 2
Slide 20
Acoustics Breadth
Heat Pump Ductwork Noise Control
• Private Offices & Classrooms
 Specify minimum lengths of duct lining
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
90
Classrooms
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
NC-70
NC-60
NC-50
NC-40
NC-30
NC-20
10
Minimum Duct Lining Lengths
Path
Private Office
Classroom
Supply
2 feet
3 feet
Return
3 feet
5 feet
80
70
NC-70
60
NC-60
50
NC-50
40
NC-40
30
NC-30
20
NC-20
10
0
0
63
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
Spring 2014
Offices
90
Sound Pressure Level (dB re: 20 µPa
Sound Pressure Level (dB re: 20 µPa
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Octave Band Center Frequency (Hz)
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 21
Campus Geothermal
Initial Motivation
• Close proximity
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
• All same owner
• More space with vertical wells
• Potential diversity benefits
• Utility usage data known
 Need to know: heating, cooling, and ventilation loads
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 22
Campus Geothermal
Model Validation
Model Validation Performance
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
EIA Targets
Building Name
Spring 2014
Model Results
Percentage Deviations
Electricity
Nat. Gas
Electricity
Nat. Gas
Electricity
Nat. Gas
(kWh)
(therms)
(kWh)
(therms)
(kWh)
(therms)
The Franco Building
163007
7525
164693
7905
1.03%
5.04%
The Gaige Building
223701
11643
226577
11816
1.29%
1.49%
Thun Library
330557
7041
331394
7089
0.25%
0.69%
Luerssen Building
800746
0
800627
0
0.01%
n/a
Janssen Conference Center
101072
0
100504
0
0.56%
n/a
Perkins Student Center
593073
0
592461
0
0.10%
n/a
Beaver Community Center
176622
5607
177305
5338
0.39%
4.79%
Hintz Bookstore
31168
0
31800
0
2.03%
n/a
All Campus Residences
455342
0
458615
0
0.72%
n/a
• 2003 EIA building energy use survey used
• End use energy percentages estimated
• Trace model created for each building
• Validated to utility and EIA percentage estimates
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 23
Campus Geothermal
• 463,653 feet of wells required
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Sizing and Layout
To next bore
• 500’ well depth used
• 1020 wells minimum
 1050 wells chosen
To previous
bore
1 inch HDPE
piping
500 feet
Bentonite
backfill
6 in.
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 24
Campus Geothermal
Annual Energy Savings
• Baseline and geothermal models created
 Annual Energy Savings: $58,166.00
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Difference in Total Annual Emissions
• ~ 27.2 % reduction in emissions
Original Design Total
Geothermal Design Total
Percent
Emissions (lb/yr)
Emissions (lb/yr)
Decrease %
CO2e
15258985.5
11108037.4
27.20%
CO2
14405155.4
10489303.8
27.18%
CH4
30525.2
22104.3
27.59%
N2O
338.5
246.3
27.24%
NOx
25923.5
18824.4
27.38%
SOx
72849.1
52749.9
27.59%
CO
7614.6
5558.6
27.00%
PM10
819.1
597.2
27.10%
Solid Waste
1742541.0
1261763.3
27.59%
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 25
Monthly Natural Gas Costs ( $)
Pollutant
Spring 2014
$35,000.00
$30,000.00
$25,000.00
Current
Design
$20,000.00
$15,000.00
$10,000.00
$5,000.00
$-
Geothermal
Redesign
April 15th, 2014
Campus Geothermal
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Building
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Required Bores
The Gaige Building
Campus - Increased First-Costs
The Franco Building
Cost Item
Amount
The Thun Library
Increased First Cost - Building Costs
$ 1,252,778.74
Increased First Cost – Well Field Costs
$ 5,734,520.38
The Hintz Bookstore
The Beaver Community Commons
Location Multiplier - Reading PA
The Perkins
Student
Center
Increased
First Cost
- Reading
The from
Janneson
Conference
Center
Savings
Original
Design - 2009
0.988
109
 $6,358,220.94 increase
173
4
122
• No reasonable payback period was found
$ 6,903,451.53
 Very high increased first costs
$
484,710.00
37
 No savings realized from other buildings
0.889
284
545,230.60
58
$
Overall First Cost Total
Increase:
$ 6,358,220.94
Bores for Campus, separate
Total Bores for Campus, together
Diversity Realized
Spring 2014
• Increased first costs estimated
202
Time
Multiplier
- 2014
to 2009
The
Luerssen
Building
Savings
from Original
Design - 2014
All Campus
Residences
48
1038
928
• Relatively small amount of diversity
 ~ 89.4% overall
89.4%
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 26
Campus Geothermal
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Simple
Payback with
10%
SafetySafety
FactorFactor
Savings
Comparison
– With
Current
Increased
($)
LoadSavings
Diversity
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Simple
Payback Simple
Discounted
Payback
First Cost
Increase
Payback
• Effect of increased diversity
Current100%
Design
$
76.61
11425,734,520.38 $ 6,185,478.68
> 40 years
82.64
$ 1,000,000.00
95%
$
63.25
10854,734,520.38 $ 5,906,080.61
> 40 years
78.90
 Poor payback period with high diversity
$ 3,000,000.00
90%
$
36.53
10282,734,520.38 $ 5,626,682.53
> 40 years
75.17
 Not justifiable
$ 4,000,000.00
85%
$
23.17
971 1,734,520.38 $ 5,347,284.45
> 40 years
71.44
$ 4,400,000.00
80%
$
17.83
914 1,334,520.38 $ 5,067,886.37
30.11
67.70
$ 4,500,000.00
75%
$
16.49
857 1,234,520.38 $ 4,788,488.30
25.02
63.97
$ 4,600,000.00
70%
$
15.16
800 1,134,520.38 $ 4,509,090.22
21.56
60.24
 Feasible payback with $4.5 million initial savings
$ 4,800,000.00
65%
$
743
934,520.38 $ 4,229,692.14
12.48
16.34
56.51
$ 5,000,000.00
60%
$
686
734,520.38 $ 3,950,294.06
9.81
12.21
52.77
 Savings from new buildings
$ 5,200,000.00
55%
$
628
534,520.38 $ 3,665,994.26
7.14
8.68
48.98
$ 5,500,000.00
50%
$
571
234,520.38 $ 3,386,596.19
3.13
4.10
45.24
1050
$ 5,734,520.38
Actual Building
Spring 2014
Cost
Bores:New
10% First
Safety
• Effect of increased initial savings
 Savings from renovation alternatives for buildings
76.61
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 27
Final Conclusions
Gaige Building and Campus Geothermal
• Both vertical and horizontal designs feasible
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
• Campus-wide geothermal
 Horizontal system cheaper – 6.1 years
 Not reasonable payback
 Vertical system less space constraints – 12.7 years
 Less diversity found in campus load
 Initial savings are needed
• Heat pump noise control
 Isolated through partition design
 Isolated from minimum duct lining lengths
• Gaige Building compared with ANSI S12.60
 Meets requirements for RT and BNL
 Some partitions do not meet STC requirements
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 28
Final Conclusions
Acknowledgements
• Special thanks to:
 Scott Mack & Justin Kalanesh, H. F. Lenz
Overview
Existing Conditions
Geothermal Depth
System Alternatives
Energy & Emissions
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Acoustics
Onsite Measurements
Heat Pumps
Campus-wide Geothermal
Conclusions
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
 Kim Berry, Penn State Berks
 Dr. Stephen Treado, adviser
 Dr. Richard Mistrick, honors adviser
 Moses Ling
 Dr. Michelle Vigeant
 Aaron King and Cory Clippinger
 Photos courtesy of Penn State Berks and
Illumination Arts
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 29
Thank You!
Matthew Neal
Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Adviser
Appendix Slides
Existing Conditions
Source Energy Comparison
Misc. Fuel,
6%
Pounds of Pollutant per Year
4.50E+06
Heating,
24%
Electrical
Equipment/
Receptacles,
41%
Cooling,
11%
Lights, 12%
Air System
Fans, 5%
Pumps, 1%
20.1%
4.00E+06
3.50E+06
3.00E+06
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
79.9%
Natural Gas
Electricity
Electricity
1.00E+06
Site Energy Comparison
Natural Gas
47.4%
5.00E+05
52.6%
0.00E+00
Electricity
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Natural Gas
Slide 31
Appendix Slides
Gaige Geothermal
Geothermal Design
Parameter
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
Heating
Cooling
Short-Circuit Factor (Fsc)
1.04
1.04
Part-Load Factor (PLFm)
1
1
Average Heat Transfer to Ground (qa)
387000
387000
Block Loads (qlc and qlh)
679400
1066400
Resistance of Ground, Annual pulse (Rga)
0.215
0.215
Resistance of Ground, Daily pulse (Rgd)
0.129
0.129
Resistance of Ground, Monthly pulse (Rgm)
0.207
0.207
Resistance of Bore (Rb)
0.09
0.09
Undisturbed Ground Temperature (tg)
53
53
Temperature Penalty for Bore Spacing (tp)
1.8
1.8
Heat Pump Inlet Temperature (twi)
38
78
Heat Pump Outlet Temperature (two)
33
85
System Power Input (Wc and Wh)
3728.5
3728.5
Required Bore Length (Lc and Lh)
23636.4
17760.4
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 32
Appendix Slides
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Gaige Geothermal
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 33
Appendix Slides
Gaige Geothermal
Vertical Pump
Building Pump
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
Horizontal Pump
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 34
Appendix Slides
Gaige Geothermal
Cost ($/vertical linear foot)
16.8%
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Vertical Geothermal Additional First Costs-Cost Per Pile
y = 0.0208x2 + 1.0428x + 3.2924
R² = 0.9995
Unit Cost
Item
40
60
Diameter of Bore (inches)
80
Expense
Equipment
Pile Boring and Filling
$ 1.09
$ 5.28
$ 3.92
$ 10.29
300
VLF
1" HDP Pipe
$ 0.79
$ -
$ -
$
0.79
600
LF
$
474.00
1" HDP Elbow
$ 5.60
$ -
$ -
$
5.60
4
Each
$
22.40
$ -
$
5.55
10
Each
$
55.50
Electricity
3.75%
$ -
$
7.30
2
Each
$ 14.60
Natural Gas
5.00%
1.47
Each
$ 59.34
Materials
1.73%
Main. & Labor
1.73%
1" HDP Tee
20
Units
Labor
1" HDP Joints
0
Amount
Materials
Welding Machine
$ -
$ 7.30
$ -
$ 5.55
$ $ -
$ 40.50
Total
$ 40.50
Total
83.2%
$ 3,088.41
$
Life Cycle Rate Assumptions
Discount Rate
Pile Boring and Filling
Piping
8.00%
Escalation Rates
3,714.25
Study Period
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
20 years
Slide 35
Appendix Slides
Gaige Geothermal
Horizontal Geothermal Additional First Costs-Cost Per Pile
Unit Cost
Item
Materials
Trenching for piles
Labor
Equipment
Amount
Units
Total
$ -
$ 0.59
$ 0.75
$
1.34
800
LF
$
1,073.24
$ 4.85
$ 1.09
$ 0.41
$
6.35
800
LF
$
5,079.17
Backfill for Trenches
$ -
$ 0.61
$ 0.21
$
0.82
800
LF
$
655.64
Hauling Dirt
$ -
$ 0.27
$ 0.37
$
0.63
800
LF
$
507.37
1" HDP Pipe
$ 0.79
$ -
$ -
$
0.79
1600
LF
$
1,264.00
1" HDP Elbow
$ 5.60
$ -
$ -
$
5.60
2
Each
$
11.20
1" HDP Joints
$ -
$ 5.55
$ -
$
5.55
49
Each
$
271.95
$ 7.30
$ -
$ -
$
7.30
2
Each
$
14.60
$ -
$ -
$ 40.50
$ 40.50
1.47
Days
$
59.34
Fill for Trenches
1" HDP Tee
Welding Machine
Total
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
Expense
$
18%
82%
Trenching, Filling, Removal
Piping
8,936.51
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 36
Appendix Slides
Campus Geothermal
Campus-wide Geothermal Design
Parameter
Energy Multipliers for Electric - Natural Gas Energy Source Buildings
Building Type
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Heating
Cooling
Short-Circuit Factor (Fsc)
1.04
1.04
Part-Load Factor (PLFm)
1
1
Average Heat Transfer to Ground (qa)
-1390309
-1390309
Block Loads (qlc and qlh)
17939009
16548700
Resistance of Ground, Annual pulse (Rga)
0.215
0.215
Heating
Cooling
Ventilation
Office - Mid Atlantic
27.99%
7.21%
6.18%
0.207
Public Assembly - Mid Atlantic
39.95%
19.08%
20.98%
0.09
0.09
Classroom - Mid Atlantic
50.72%
4.91%
13.26%
Undisturbed Ground Temperature (tg)
53
53
Lodging - Mid Atlantic
12.46%
5.43%
2.18%
Temperature Penalty for Bore Spacing (tp)
1.8
1.8
Food Service - Mid Atlantic
17.51%
2.98%
3.69%
Heat Pump Inlet Temperature (twi)
38
78
Heat Pump Outlet Temperature (two)
33
85
Retail - Mid Atlantic
31.24%
6.24%
8.06%
System Power Input (Wc and Wh)
111855
111855
Classroom / Office Averaged
39.36%
6.06%
9.72%
Required Bore Length (Lc and Lh)
463653.1
220436.7
Office/Food Service/Public Assembly
28.48%
9.76%
10.28%
Electricity
Nat. Gas
Electricity
Nat. Gas
Office - Mid Atlantic
5.88%
54.94%
9.52%
4.01%
9.83%
Resistance of Ground, Daily pulse (Rgd)
0.129
0.129
Classroom - Mid Atlantic
4.93%
68.61%
11.20%
0.00%
30.28%
Resistance of Ground, Monthly pulse (Rgm)
0.207
Public Assembly - Mid Atlantic
1.63%
54.90%
4.96%
38.78%
51.11%
Resistance of Bore (Rb)
Classroom / Office Averaged
5.40%
61.77%
10.36%
2.00%
20.05%
Public Assembly/Classroom/Office
4.15%
59.48%
8.56%
14.26%
30.40%
Public Assembly/Office
3.75%
54.92%
7.24%
21.39%
30.47%
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
Energy Multipliers for Electric only Buildings
Building Type
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 37
Appendix Slides
Room
Overall dBA
Classroom 120
32 dBA
Classroom 121
31 dBA
Classroom 122
29 dBA
Classroom 246
32 dBA
Classroom 247
31 dBA
Classroom 248
28 dBA
Original Campus
1.20E+07
1.60E+07
1.40E+07
1.20E+07
1.00E+07
8.00E+06
Natural Gas
Electricity
6.00E+06
4.00E+06
2.00E+06
Pounds of Pollutant per Year
Background Noise Levels
Pounds of Pollutant per Year
1.80E+07
Campus Geothermal
Geothermal Redesign
Geothermal Cost Savings
1.00E+07
Item
Unit Cost
Amount
14,000, 10,725 CFM's)
$ 300,000.00
1
RTU Installation
$
2.00
45,230
Fin Tubes
$
75.00
1150
Radiant Heat Panels
$
100.00
80
8.00E+06
Units
Savings
RTU's - Quote (20,500,
6.00E+06
4.00E+06
Natural Gas
Electricity
All
$ 300,000.00
CFM
$
90,460.00
LF
$
86,250.00
Each
$
8,000.00
2.00E+06
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
$ 484,710.00
Matthew Neal, Mechanical Option
Dr. Stephen Treado, Advisor
Spring 2014
April 15th, 2014
AE Senior Thesis Presentation
Slide 38