Name ________________________________________________________________________________ Class Period ______________________
Biology I Fall Semester Exam Review
Published online: 6 December 2013
Directions: Answer the following on your own paper for extra credit on your exam.
I. Scientific Method/Process of Science and Graphing
1. Define the following terms:
a. Controlled experiment
c. Experimental group
b. Control group
d. Independent variable
2. What variable is always graphed on the X axis? What variable is graphed on the Y axis?
3. When is a bar graph used? When is a line graph used?
4. List the steps of the scientific method and briefly describe each.
5. Define the following terms:
a. reproduction
c. metabolism
b. evolution
d. homeostasis
6. List the characteristics of living things.
7. Define the following and place in order from smallest to largest:
a. biosphere
c. community
b. ecosystem
d. population
8. Define the following and place in order from smallest to largest:
a. cell
c. organism
b. organ system
d. organ
e.
Dependent variable
e.
development
e.
species
e.
tissue
II. The Cell
1. Describe the following scientists’ contributions to cellular biology:
a. Virchow
b. Hooke
c. Schwann
d. Schleidan
2. What are the three parts of the cell theory?
3. For the following, write a “P” if it belongs to plant; “A” if it belongs to animal; “B” if it applies to BOTH; “N” if neither:
a. Cell membrane
e. Nucleolus
i. SER
m. Small vacuole
b. Cytoplasm
f. Golgi body
j. RER
n. Prokaryotic
c. Cell wall
g. Chloroplast
k. Ribosomes
o. Eukaryotic
d. Nucleus
h. Mitochondria
l. Large vacuole
4. Copy the following chart. Place an “X” in the box if the characteristic applies to the type of cell.
cell membrane
DNA
cytoplasm
cell wall/chloroplasts
nucleus
membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria
Plants
Animal
5. Give the main function of each of the following organic macromolecules and list their monomers:
a. Lipid
b. Nucleic Acid
c. Carbohydrate
d. Protein
6. Draw and label plasma membrane with the following components/labels:
a. embedded proteins
d. cholesterol
g. hydrophilic
b. lipid bilayer
e. fatty acids
h. hydrophobic
c. phospholipids
f. head
7. Make a chart of the following organelles and their function.
a. Cell membrane
e. Cytoplasm
i. Nuclear Memb.
m. Rough ER
b. Cell wall
f. Golgi Body
j. Nucleolus
n. Smooth ER
c. Centrioles
g. Lysosome
k. Nucleus
o. Vacuole
d. Chloroplast
h. Mitochondria
l. Ribosome
8. What is passive transport? What are the 3 types? Describe each of them in detail.
9. Describe what happens to a cell placed in the following solutions and what happens to the net movement of water:
a. isotonic
b. hypertonic
c. hypertonic
10. What is active transport?
11. Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis.
12. Suppose a certain protein is needed outside the cell. Describe the pathway of the protein from its synthesis to its exit
from the cell. Briefly explaining how each organelle is involved.
a. Cell Membrane
d. Vacuoles
g. Nuclear Membrane
b. Ribosomes
e. Golgi Body
h. Nucleous
c. Nucleus
f. Rough E.R.
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III. Photosynthesis
1. Define autotroph and give an example of an organism that is an autotroph.
2. Define heterotroph and give an example of an organism that is a heterotroph.
3. Make a chart comparing ATP and ADP. Include the following ideas.
a. Contains Adenine
d. Contains only 2 phosphates
b. Contains Ribose
e. “fully charged battery”
c. Contains 3 phosphates
f. “partially charged battery”
4. Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis.
a. Label the reactants.
c. Label the reactants and products in the LDR.
b. Label the products.
d. Label the reactants and products in the LIR.
5. What is the function of a pigment?
6. What main pigment do chloroplasts contain? Describe the colors this pigment absorbs and the main colors it reflects.
7. What is the organ of photosynthesis? What organelle is found in the cells of this organ?
8. Draw the organelle of photosynthesis and include the following:
a. Thylakoids
b. Stroma
c. Grana (Granum)
9. Sketch the light dependent reactions (LDR) that occur along the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Include the
following AND label:
a. light
g. H+ ions
m. ADP + P
b. chlorophyll
h. electrons
n. ATP
c. Photosystem II
i. light
o. NADP+
d. Photosystem I
j. electron transport chain
p. NADPH
e. Water
k. NADP+ reductase
f. Oxygen
l. ATP synthase
10. Draw a chloroplast and sketch the Calvin Cycle (LIR). Include the following (label):
a. Stroma
d. NAPDH
b. Carbon dioxide
e. ATP
c. Glucose
11. Describe how the Calvin Cycle depends on the Light Dependent reactions.
IV. Cellular Respiration
1. Write the balanced equation for cellular respiration.
a. Label the reactants.
b. Label the products.
2. What is the organelle of cellular respiration? What other part of the cell is involved?
3. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Which types of organisms perform each?
4. What is the first step of cellular respiration? What is broken down in this step? What is produced?
5. If there is no oxygen present, what happens after glycolysis?
6. What is fermentation? Describe the two types of fermentation and give an example of an organism that performs each.
7. Draw cell with the organelle involved in cellular respiration. Show where glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron
transport chain all occur. Indicate what goes in and comes out of each step.
V. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:
1. How are NADPH (in photosynthesis) and NADH (in cellular respiration) similar?
2. How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar?
3. Describe the role of ATP in photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration.
4. Make a chart comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, inluding the following ideas:
a. Stores energy as glucose
f. Occurs in plant cells
m.
b. Releases energy in
g. Occurs in animal cells
n.
glucose
h. Releases oxygen
o.
c. Occurs in living cells
i. Relesases carbon dioxide
d. Uses an ETC
j. Uses oxygen
p.
e. Uses electron carrier
k. Uses carbon dioxide
q.
molecules
l. Creates energy
Water is released
Water is consumed
The number of ATP
produced is higher
Occurs during the day
Occurs at night
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VI. DNA Structure and Replication
1. Describe the experiments/major contributions of the following scientists:
a. Griffith
d. Rosalind Franklin
b. Avery
e. Chargaff
c. Watson and Crick
f. Hershey and Chase
2. What is the monomer of DNA? What are the 3 parts that make up this monomer?
3. What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?
4. Explain the base paring rules of DNA.
5. Which bases are purines? Which are pyrimidines?
6. What type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
7. What is represented by the “rungs of the ladder” of DNA? What is represented by the “backbone” of DNA?
8. Write the correct complementary sequence of the following. Draw and label deoxyribose, phosphate, hydrogen bonds, 3’
and 5’ ends to make a complete strand.
5’ A A T C G C G T T 3’
9. Where does DNA replication take place in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
10. What is the end result of DNA replication?
11. Describe the steps in DNA Replication. Be sure to include the following:
a. Helicase
e. Leading strand
i. Template strand
b. DNA polymerase
f. Lagging strand
c. Ligase
g. 5’ end
d. Okazaki fragments
h. 3’ end
12. What is the direction of new strand elongation during replication?
13. Describe how DNA replication “checks” itself.
VII. Protein Synthesis
1. Transcribe the following sequence: T G A C G G A C T T G G A A C T A A T A G T C C
a. What did you create after transcribing the sequence?
b. How many codons does the sequence have?
2. Where does transcription occur?
3. Describe the function of RNA polymerase in transcription.
4. Describe IN DETAIL the process of transcription beginning with DNA and ending with mature RNA that will leave the
nucleus.
5. What do we get from transcription that is used in translation?
6. Sketch each of the following and write its function.
a. mRNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
7. What is a codon? Where is it found? What purpose does it serve?
8. Using the RNA from #1, write the sequence of amino acids that will be put together in translation.
a. What tool did you use to figure out the sequence of amino acids?
b. Describe how to use the Codon Wheel.
9. Where does translation occur?
10. What is an anticodon? Where is it found? What purpose does it serve?
11. What is the “Genetic Code”?
12. What is a polypeptide?
13. What is a peptide bond and where is it found?
14. What is a protein? What is its purpose?
15. Describe IN DETAIL the entire process of translation.
16. Explain the terms protein synthesis and gene expression.
17. What is a mutation? How are mutations caused?
18. Describe a point mutation.
a. Transcribe the following DNA sequence: A T G C A C A C G C G T
b. Re-write the DNA sequence, substituting the 3rd “A” for a “T”. Transcribe the mutated sequence.
c. Translate the amino acid sequence of
i. The original DNA sequence (a)
ii. The mutated DNA sequence (b)
d. Describe the difference between the amino acid sequences.
19. Describe a frameshift mutation and the two types.
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VIII. The Cell Cycle
1. Draw and label a chromosome. Be sure to include labels for the centromere and sister chromatids.
2. Describe the contents of the chromosome drawn.
3. Diagram the cell cycle. Place the following labels on your diagram in the appropriate places:
a. Interphase
k. Anaphase
b. G1 phase
l. Metaphase
c. S phase
m. Cell growth
d. G2 phase
n. Preparation for mitosis/organelles are copied
e. M phase
o. DNA replication
f. Cell division
p. Chromosomes are visible
g. Mitosis
q. DNA is in the form of chromatin
h. Cytokinesis
r. Longest phase of mitosis
i. Prophase
s. Longest phase of the cell cycle
j. Telophase
4. What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
a. Is cytokinesis a part of mitosis?
d. What is the result of mitosis?
b. Is cytokinesis a part of cell division?
e. What is the result of cytokinesis
c. Is cytokinesis a part of the M phase?
f. What happens to daughter cells after cell division?
5. Describe the daughter cells – compare them to each other and the parent.
6. Draw, label, and briefly summarize the events occurring during each phase of mitosis in an animal cell. Label each phase.
You must include the following labels in EACH phase:
a. Centrioles
e. Chromosomes
b. Nuclear envelope (if applicable)
f. Sister chromatids
c. Nucleolus (if applicable)
g. Centromere
d. Cell membrane
h. Spindle fibers
7. How would the diagrams from #5 differ in a plant cell?
8. Name and describe the process of cell division in prokaryotic cells.
9. Describe 3 reasons why cells divide that were discussed in class.
10. Is it more efficient for a cell to have a large surface area to volume ratio or a small one? Explain.
11. Explain what happens to the functionality of DNA in a cell that gets too large.
12. What proteins regulate the cell cycle?
13. What happens when cells do not properly respond to their regulators?
IX. Meiosis
1. Define the following terms:
a. meiosis
d. haploid
g. crossing-over
b. gamete
e. diploid
h. homologous
c. zygote
f. tetrad
chromosomes
2. Describe the major differences between meiosis I and meiosis II.
3. Describe the main results of meiosis.
4. What are the principal differences between mitosis and meiosis?
5. In human cells, 2N = 46. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a sperm cell? In an egg cell? In a skin cell?
Explain.
6. If we begin with a diploid cell with 8 chromosomes, describe the products of each of the following (tell whether it is
diploid or haploid and how many):
a. mitosis:
b. meiosis I:
c. meiosis II:
7. In asexual reproduction, mitosis occurs, but not meiosis. Which type of reproduction- sexual or asexual- results in
offspring with greater genetic variation? Explain.
8. What is non-disjunction? In which phase(s) does it occur?
9. Define the following terms:
a. karyotype
b. sex chromosome
c. autosome
10. Sketch (with color!) an original chromosome and sketch chromosomes with the following chromosomal mutations:
a. Deletion
b. Duplication
c. Inversion
d. translocation
11. Know how to read a karyotype! (p. 341)
12. Describe the characteristics of a karyotype for the following individuals:
a. normal female
d. male with Down Syndrome
b. normal male
e. female with Turner’s Syndrome
c. female with Down Syndrome
13. What is polyploidy?
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X. Genetics Engineering
1. What is the purpose of selective breeding?
a. What are 2 types of selective breeding? Give an example for each.
b. Which type of selective breeding increases the risk for a genetic defect due to two recessive alleles?
2. Why might breeders try to induce mutations?
3. Cutting DNA.
a. Explain why DNA is cut.
b. What enzymes are used to cut DNA?
c. Draw a diagram showing how restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments. Label all the parts.
4. Separating DNA.
a. Explain why DNA is separated.
b. What procedure is used to separate the DNA?
c. Which end of the gel is negative? Positive?
d. Which bands of DNA move faster? Why?
e. Why are bands of DNA moving toward the positive end of the gel?
5. Reading the DNA sequence.
a. Explain why scientists want to know the sequence of the organism’s DNA?
b. What is the name of this method?
c. Draw a piece of DNA in an electrophoresis set up and sequence the DNA. Include 5’ and 3’ labels.
6. Cutting and Pasting DNA.
a. Explain how DNA can be combined from different sources.
b. What is recombinant DNA.
7. Making Copies.
a. What technique is used to copy the DNA?
8. What is cell transformation?
9. What is a plasmid? How is a plasmid used to transform bacteria?
10. Label the diagram and explain the process that is taking place:
11. What is a clone?
a. Name the first multicellular mammal ever cloned.
12. List the main events taking place in the process of cloning.
13. Define transgenic organism.
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