1100 BROADWAY, OAKLAND, CA
Sonja Hinish
Structural Option
Integrated BAE/MAE Program
Advisor: Dr. Linda Hanagan
Senior Thesis Final Presentation
April 14, 2008
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
INTRODUCTION TO 1100 BROADWAY
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
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Owner:
Architect:
Structural Engineer:
SKS Investments, San Francisco, CA
Kaplan McLaughlin Diaz Architects, San Francisco, CA
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger, Inc., San Francisco, CA
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Key System
Building portion
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Architecture
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New high-rise tower combined with the adaptive reuse of the Key System building facade
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Architecture
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New high-rise tower combined with the adaptive reuse of the Key System building facade
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
Architecture
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LEED Gold rating
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Photovoltaic solar panels, green roof, and a rainwater collection, filtration and reuse
system
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
EXISTING CONDITIONS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
W
e
s
t
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
N
o
r
t
h
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n
Existing Structural System
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Gravity system: 3¼” light weight concrete fill on a 3” composite steel deck supported by
composite steel beams
Lateral system: Dual system composed of steel special concentric braced frames and special
moment resisting frames
Foundations:
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Prestressed, precast concrete piles beneath a 5’-9” thick reinforced concrete mat foundation
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Remaining portion of the foundation is a 9” thick reinforced concrete slab
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Existing frames resisting forces in E/W direction
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Frame 1
Frame 2
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Frame 4
Lateral Analysis
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Frame 3
Wind
Seismic
Frame 5
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Frame 6
N
Frame 1
Frame 2
Frame 3
Frame 4
Frame 5
Frame 6
Frame 7
Frame 7
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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EXISTING CONDITIONS
Existing frames resisting forces in N/S direction
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Wind
Seismic
Frame D
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Frame C
Lateral Analysis
Frame B
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Frame A
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Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
N
Frame A
Frame B
Frame C
Frame D
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
PROPOSAL
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
PROPOSAL
Drawbacks of existing system:
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Deflections
Depth
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Proposed Design
Gravity System: One way mild-steel reinforced concrete slab with
post-tensioned concrete beams
Why:
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Lateral System:
Bays exhibit one-way behavior
Limited Deflections
Location of openings not critical
Concrete shear walls
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
PROJECT GOALS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
PROJECT GOALS
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”
Reduce total floor
system depth
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30.25
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Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Become more familiar
with the design of posttensioned systems
Columbus
Oakland
Building Relocation
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations

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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
One-way slab design
Minimum slab thickness (h) according to ACI
Span
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-10
10-12
Length (ft)
27.33
31
20
20
20
27.33
20.95
28.7
h min
l/24
l/28
l/28
l/28
l/28
l/28
l/38
l/24
h min (in)
13.7
13.3
8.6
8.6
8.6
11.8
9.0
14.4
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
One-way slab design
Slab deflections from PCA Slab
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Long-term deflection Check
Span
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-10
10-12
Length (ft)
27.33
31
20
20
20
27.33
20.95
28.7
Deflections from PCA Slab
LL ∆ (in)
DL ∆ (in)
0.062
0.088
0.102
0.149
0.067
0.084
0.083
0.11
Long-term deflection
LL ∆ + 3DL ∆ (in)
0.326
0.549
0.319
0.413
Allowable ∆
l/240
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.5
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
One-way slab design
Final Slab Design:
f’c=5000 psi
Reinforcing steel: 60 ksi, #5 bars top and bottom
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
Post-tensioned beam design
Preliminary Design:
Trial beam size of l/22 : Using 37’ span amounted to a depth of 20”
½” diameter unbonded tendons
f’c=5000psi
Precompression limits (P/A): ACI minimum of 125 psi, 200-400 psi typical for beams
Targeted load balance of 70-80% of the dead load
Class T
Analyzed as T sections for interior beams and L sections for perimeter beams
Mild steel: #4 shear and #8 for top and bottom
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
Post-tensioned beam design
Beam layout
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations

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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
Post-tensioned beam design
Tendon layout
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Preliminary thickness = 18”
Reinforcing: 2 rows of #5 bars at 10” O.C
North
Lateral Analysis
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Shear wall layout
Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Wall B
Wall C
Wall 5
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Shear Wall Design
Wall 4
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Wall 3
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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For a typical floor: Level 10-Roof
1.4D
PIER 1
axial load
Wall
(k)
3
226
4
5
B
59
C
58.5
Pier 1
Pier 2
Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
total
343.5
For a typical floor: Level 4-9
1.4D
PIER 1
axial load
Wall
(k)
3
199
4
5
B
70.5
C
52.25
Lateral Analysis
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
total
Mu (y-axis) ft-k
23809
Mu (y-axis) ft-k
23809
Pier 1
Mu (x-axis) ft-k
49211
Pier 2
Mu (x-axis) ft-k
85367
321.75
PIER 2
axial load
(k)
30
129
164
167.5
490.5
PIER 2
axial load
(k)
86.8
115
211.5
156.75
570.05
Shear walls supporting Level 4 support 18 floors:
total axial
(k)
6053
9306
Wal
l
3
4
5
B
C
tota
l
Wal
l
3
4
5
B
C
tota
l
1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr
PIER 1
PIER 2
axial load
axial load
(k)
(k)
324
14.8
190
92.5
250.5
89.5
254.5
506
709.8
1.2D+1.6L+0.5Lr
PIER 1
PIER 2
axial load
axial load
(k)
(k)
277
110
165
82.75
248.25
80.75
242.25
440.5
8715
765.5
13111
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations

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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Wall 3
Wall 4
Wall 5
Wall B
Wall C
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REDESIGN
Impact on Foundations
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Ultimate load per floor to each column (k)
Column #
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Ultimate load per floor to each column (k)
Column
#
6
7
16
17
20
Level
2
57.4
186
137
14.5
Levels
3-8
249
265
228
224
184
Level
9
242
266
230
223
197
Levels
10-Roof
245
264
233
233
118
21
124
269
285
185
Total load
on each
column (k)
Shear
wall
4733.4
5210
4394
4500
2731.5
3
4
5
B
C
Weight
(k)
1744.88
1744.88
1744.88
2326.50
2326.50
1
2
3
4
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
19
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Level
2
91
112
143
118
107
102
111
81.4
Levels
3-8
88.1
161
158
84.9
127
151
134
148
116
113
111
115
87.4
131
111
118
156
198
217
193
107
93.1
109
114
Level
9
66.6
151
158
84.2
130
152
136
150
115
111
111
114
87.4
131
120
115
188
236
252
191
123
106
122
135
Levels
10-Roof
68.2
133
156
79.3
192
152
137
148
115
114
113
115
109
133
88.5
91.4
Total load
on each
column (k)
# of piles required
to support column
for concrete system
1413.6
2713
3069
1657.2
3196
3025
2584
2932
2191
2264
2133
2286
1919.8
2624
1848
2001.2
1124
1424
1554
1349
765
664.6
776
819
4243
Total load to be supported by mat foundation (k)
35700
# Piles required under mat foundation for concrete system
145
# Piles supporting mat foundation for original design
121
Increase in # of piles required to
support mat foundation= 19.8%
Average increase in # of piles required
to support each column= 33.4%
6
12
13
7
13
13
11
12
9
10
9
10
8
11
8
9
5
6
7
6
4
3
4
4
# of piles
in original
design
6
8
8
8
8
14
8
8
6
8
8
6
6
8
%
Increase
in piles
required
0.0%
50.0%
62.5%
-12.5%
62.5%
-7.1%
37.5%
50.0%
50.0%
25.0%
12.5%
66.7%
33.3%
37.5%
Columns 19-30 support
the Key System portion
of the structure and not
enough information is
available from the
original design to
compare with the new
concrete system
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
LATERAL ANALYSIS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations

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Lateral Analysis
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
Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
LATERAL ANALYSIS
Wind
Story forces x-direction (E/W)
Story forces y-direction (N/S)
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations

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Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
LATERAL ANALYSIS
Wind
Height Floor to
Level
(ft)
Floor H (ft) Allow. drift (in)
Roof 258.50
13.00
20 245.50
13.00
19 232.50
13.00
18 219.50
13.00
17 206.50
13.00
16 193.50
13.00
15 180.50
13.00
14 167.50
13.00
13 154.50
13.00
12 141.50
13.00
11 128.50
13.00
10 115.50
13.00
9 102.50
13.00
8
89.50
13.00
7
76.50
13.00
6
63.50
13.00
5
50.50
13.00
4
37.50
13.00
3
24.50
12.50
2
12.00
12.00
disp. WX (in)
disp. WY (in)
7.755
7.365
6.975
6.585
6.195
5.805
5.415
5.025
4.635
4.245
3.855
3.465
3.075
2.685
2.295
1.905
1.515
1.125
0.735
1.416
1.336
1.255
1.173
1.091
1.007
0.922
0.837
0.752
0.667
0.584
0.502
0.421
0.345
0.272
0.203
0.141
0.087
0.041
4.916
4.695
4.470
4.240
4.004
3.761
3.512
3.257
2.997
2.733
2.465
2.196
1.931
1.601
1.268
0.942
0.631
0.350
0.117
0.360
0.014
0.039
Allowable Drift:
h/400
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
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
Lateral Analysis
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Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
LATERAL ANALYSIS
Seismic
Seismic forces at each level
Allowable Story Drift= 0.02hsx
Actual Story Drift=Cd*∆/I
Seismic
δx
δy
Height
Floor to
all. Story x-disp.
x-story
y-disp.
y-story
Level (ft)
Floor H (ft) drift (in)
(in)
drift (in)
(in)
(in)
drift (in)
(in)
Roof
258.50
13.00
3.12
1.694
0.104 0.466
2.029
0.130
0.585
20
245.50
13.00
3.12
1.590
0.105 0.473
1.899
0.130
0.586
19
232.50
13.00
3.12
1.485
0.106 0.478
1.769
0.131
0.590
18
219.50
13.00
3.12
1.379
0.107 0.482
1.638
0.132
0.592
17
206.50
13.00
3.12
1.272
0.108 0.486
1.506
0.132
0.593
16
193.50
13.00
3.12
1.164
0.108 0.486
1.374
0.131
0.590
15
180.50
13.00
3.12
1.056
0.108 0.484
1.243
0.130
0.585
14
167.50
13.00
3.12
0.948
0.106 0.479
1.113
0.128
0.576
13
154.50
13.00
3.12
0.842
0.105 0.470
0.985
0.125
0.563
12
141.50
13.00
3.12
0.737
0.102 0.458
0.860
0.121
0.546
11
128.50
13.00
3.12
0.636
0.098 0.441
0.738
0.117
0.524
10
115.50
13.00
3.12
0.538
0.097 0.438
0.622
-0.017 -0.076
9
102.50
13.00
3.12
0.440
0.087 0.393
0.639
0.125
0.564
8
89.50
13.00
3.12
0.353
0.081 0.365
0.513
0.116
0.524
7
76.50
13.00
3.12
0.272
0.073 0.330
0.397
0.106
0.478
6
63.50
13.00
3.12
0.198
0.065 0.290
0.291
0.094
0.422
5
50.50
13.00
3.12
0.134
0.054 0.244
0.197
0.079
0.355
4
37.50
13.00
3.12
0.080
0.042 0.189
0.118
0.061
0.276
3
24.50
12.50
3
0.038
0.021 0.095
0.057
0.043
0.195
2
12.00
12.00
2.88
0.016
0.016 0.074
0.013
0.013
0.059
Displacement values taken from ETABS
Cd
4.5
I
1.0
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
BREADTH STUDIES
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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
BREADTH STUDIES
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Complete Green Roof Design
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions

Architectural Breadth

Building Enclosure Breadth
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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


Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
BREADTH STUDIES
Architectural Breadth



Goals
Impact on structure
Zones
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Transition
Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Public
Semi-public
PRESENTATION OUTLINE





Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
BREADTH STUDIES
Final Plan
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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



Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
BREADTH STUDIES
Planting Plans
Japanese Maple (Acer palmatum)
image: http://www.dirtdoctor.com
Fragrant Sumac (Rhus aromatica)
http://www.pottedliners.com
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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


Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
BREADTH STUDIES
Trumpet vine (Campsis radicans)
Chive (Allium schoenoprasum)
http://www.hramornursery.com
http://4.bp.blogspot.com
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis
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


Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Nodding Onion (Allium cernuum)
http://image02.webshots.com
Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
http://www.springcreekforest.org
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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
Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
BREADTH STUDIES
Black-eyed Susan (Rubeckia hirta)
http://images.google.com
Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa)
http://www.wildflower.org
Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
http://media.photobucket.com
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis
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


Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
Fruitless Mulberry (Morus alba)
Wild Pink (Silene carolinian)
http://www.francescaowens.com
http://images.google.com
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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


Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
BREADTH STUDIES
Hens and chicks (Sempervivum tectorum)
Two-row stonecrop (Sedum spurium)
http://www.panacheexteriordesign.com
http://www.greencolanddesign.com
Yellow ice plant (delosperma nubigenum)
http://www.francescaowens.com
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis
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


Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions
White Stonecrop (Sedum album)
http://www.overthebrink.com
Fameflower (Talinum calycinum)
http://images.google.com
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
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



Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and
Conclusions
OVERALL SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
PRESENTATION OUTLINE





Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations




Goals:





Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and
Conclusions
Reduced floor system depth by 8.25”
Developed a greater understanding for PT design
Created a roof garden for building occupants
Conclusions:
Lateral Analysis


OVERALL SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS



Floor system depth reduced, for the 20 story height could
add another 13’ story
Foundations increased on average by 19-33% due to
increased building weight
Redesigned for lower loads than existing system
Structure supporting green roof needs designed for
significantly higher loads
Unless limits are placed on depth of the floor system the cost
of PT and increased building weight will most likely outweigh
advantages of design
PRESENTATION OUTLINE





Introduction
Existing Conditions
Proposal
Project Goals
Structural System Redesign
Gravity System
 Lateral System
 Impact on Foundations
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to extend my deepest thanks and appreciation to the following individuals and companies.

Simpson Gumpertz & Heger:
Anindya Dutta
Ronald Hamburger
Amy Graver
Charlie Russo

Holbert Apple Associates:
Richard Apple

SKS Investments:
Steve Shanks

The Pennsylvania State University:
Dr. Linda Hanagan
Robert Holland
Kevin Parfitt


Lateral Analysis




Wind
Seismic
Breadth Studies
Overall Summary and Conclusions