PHOENIXVILLE EARLY LEARNING CENTER
AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
phoenixville, pennsylvania
NOLAN JAMES AMOS
D r. W i l l i a m B a h n f l e t h , F a c u l t y C o n s u l t a n t
architectural engineering senior thesis
mechanical option
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
site conditions
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
overview
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
architectural features
2 Stories – 41’-10”
Area: 152,000 SQ. FT.
Occupancy: 1526
Grades: K-5
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
overview
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
WATER-SIDE EXISTING
SYSTEM
Unit
B-1
B-2
B-3
overview
AIR-SIDE EXISTING SYSTEM
SPACE
CONSIDERATIONS
Major Equipment: Boilers
Gas Boiler
Tons
Input
Output
166.7
160
166.7
160
166.7
160
existing mechanical system
GPM
LWT
190
190
190
140
140
140
Boiler
Boiler HP Motor HP
57.4
57.4
57.4
Zone
Area (SF)
1A
251
1B
72
1C
34
1D
309
Floor Space Lost
1E
2A
159
272
2B
155
2C
21
2D
183
2E
119
1.18
1.18
1.18
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
Total
1575
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
MODELED ENERGY LOADS
ERV -1
ERV -2
ERV -3
ERV -4
ERV -5
ERV -6
ERV -7
ERV -8
ERV -9
ERV -10
Model System Design Loads
Airflow (CFM)
Total Capacity (Tons)
Sq Ft
Supply Exhaust Heating
Cooling
27605
22394
10258
42.5
54.9
19080
25187
7553
48.3
62.4
12808
19751
6196
37.4
49.8
23263
11174
7060
23.6
30.6
8940
3591
2950
6.55
11.4
10980
11226
2351
18.3
27.8
6255
5925
0
2.9
12.1
6600
6539
90
3.9
12.9
9870
5471
84
3.2
12.9
24415
21369
6748
32.3
51.7
Total
149816
132627
43290
218.95
Accuacy of Energy Model
Airflow (%)
(%)
Sq Ft
Supply Exhaust
11.1 0.38
3.64
% Accuracy
overview
326.5
Total Capacity (%)
Heating
Cooling
6.81
1.63
existing energy consumption
MONTHLY UTILITY USAGE
SUMMER AND WINTER DESIGN CONDITIONS
charts designed with tool from cal berkley
Summer Design Conditions
Energy Rates
Source
Rate
Natural Gas
$8.90
Electric
$0.08
Units
/MMBTU
/KWh
Annual Fuel Cost ($)
Electric
$71,369.00
Natural Gas
$8,599.00
Winter Design Conditions
Conditioned Spaces (°F)
Season
DB
WB
RH
Summer
79
68.2
\
Winter
70
\
30
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
project goals
PROJECT GOALS
 i n c r e a s e e n e r g y e ff i c i e n c y
 space utilization
 ease of maintenance
 lower costs
 maintenance
 upfront
 lifecycle
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
mechanical depth
ALTERNATIVES CONSIDERED
1. ground-coupled heat pump system
2. variable refrigerant flow system
3. centralized air handling unit
BASE SYSTEM
1. water source heat pumps
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
energy analysis
ENERGY AND EMISSIONS ANALYSIS
mechanical depth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
WSHP
GSHP
VRF
AHU
Typical Replacement Life
Median Service
Equipment Name
Live Years
Cooling Tower
>22
Boilers
>22
Heat Pumps
>24
DX Air Dist Equip
>24
Geothermal Pumps
20
Heat Pumps
>24
Pumps
20
Condensate pumps
15
Condensors, evaporative
20
Rooftop air conditioners
15
maintenance
MAINTENANCE
% Replaced
mechanical depth
14
21
/
15
/
/
/
/
/
/
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
space considerations
SPACE CONSIDERATIONS
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Closets in Corridors –
1575 sqft + ~150,000 sqft borefield
mechanical depth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
space considerations
SPACE CONSIDERATIONS
Variable Refrigerant Flow system
Terminal Units in Classrooms
Control Units in Corridors
mechanical depth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
space considerations
SPACE CONSIDERATIONS
Centralized Air Handling Unit
Multiple Units on Ceiling
= Centralized Air Handling Unit
mechanical depth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
cost analysis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
Cost Analysis
VRF – Did not pay back
AHU – Did not pay back
WSHP
GSHP
LCC
NPV @ 25 Years
$ 7,662,769.02 $ 4,453,323.65
$ 7,444,722.42 $ 4,446,055.87
Simple Payback = 9.34 years
D i s c o u n t P a y b a c k = 11 . 3 7 y e a r s
mechanical depth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
project goals
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
BREADTH STUDIES
Electrical Breadth – Electrical Load
Results: VRF System used Less Power
Construction Breadth – Scheduling and
cost impacts of geothermal system
breadth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
bore field design
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
GEOTHERMAL BORE FIELD
Required Number of Bores
Bore Depth Number of Bores 20% Safety
100
669
803
200
334
401
300
223
268
400
167
201
500
134
161
To t a l H e a d L o s s t h r o u g h
well field: 363 feet
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
breadth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
bore field design
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
WELL FIELD LAYOUT
GEOTHERMAL BORE FIELD
Construction Schedule Impact
Number of Days
Cost
WSHP
5
$150,000.00
GSHP
42
$1,540,000.00
breadth
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
CONCLUSIONS
Energy Emissions: GSHP
Space Utilization: VRF
Maintenance: GSHP/WSHP
Cost: GSHP
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
conclusions
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. Bahnfelth
Barton Associates
SCHRADERgroup Architecture
Phoenixville School District
AE Class of 2016
My Parents
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
conclusions
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
Questions?
Rendering property of SHRADERgroup Architecture
conclusions
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
Bore hole calculations
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
Appendix
𝑅
𝑅
𝑎
=
𝑎
=
𝐺 −𝐺1
𝑅
𝑘
(0.943 − 0.562)
= 0.228
1.67
𝑅
𝑚
=
𝑚
=
𝐺1 −𝐺2
𝑘
(0.562 − 0.220)
= 0.205
1.67
𝐹𝑜 =
𝑠𝑡
=
𝑠𝑡
=
0.220
= 0.132
1.67
4𝛼 𝜏
𝑑2
4∗1.06∗(3680.25−3650 )
0.52
𝐹𝑜1 =
𝑅
𝐺2
𝑘
𝑅
= 513.04
𝜏1 = 3650 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐹𝑜2 =
lf
f
L
D
V
g
Required Number of Bores
Bore Depth Number of Bores 20% Safety
100
669
803
200
334
401
300
223
268
400
167
201
500
134
161
4 ∗ 1.06 ∗ (3680.25 − 3680)
= 4.24
0.52
𝜏2 = 3650 + 30 = 3680 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
1039592 Lost Head
0.025 Moody Friction Factor
69600 length of pipe, ft
0.105417 Diameter of pipe ft
63.66183 average velocity, ft/sec
32.174 acceleration due to gravity, ft/sec^2
𝐹𝑜 =
4 ∗ 1.06 ∗ 3680.25
= 62417
0.52
𝜏 = 3650 + 30 + 0.25 = 3680.25 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝐶
ℎ
=
=
𝑞 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 +(𝑞 ℎ −3.41𝑊ℎ ) 𝑅𝑏 +𝑃 𝐹𝑚 𝑅 𝑚 +𝐹𝑠𝑐 𝑅 𝑑
𝐸 𝑇+
2
𝑡 −
𝑞 𝑎 𝑅 𝑎 +(𝑞 𝑐 −3.41𝑊𝑐) (𝑅𝑏 +𝑃 𝐹𝑚 𝑅 𝑚 +𝐹𝑠𝑐 𝑅 𝑑 )
𝐸 𝑇+
2
𝑡 −
𝑇
+𝑡 𝑝
𝑇
+𝑡 𝑝
Cooling
1.04
1
248319
0.228
0.132
0.205
0.09
54
1.8
79
89
401040
4474.2
62275
Heating
1.04
1
248319
0.228
0.132
0.205
0.09
54
1.8
40
34
376200
4474.2
66882
Variable
Fsc
PLFm
qa
Rga
Rgd
Rgm
Rb
tg
tp
ELT
LLT
qlc/qlh
Wc/Wh
Lc/ Lh
Bore Length Calculation
Description
Short-circuit heat loss factor
Part-load factor
Net annual average heat transfer to the ground
Thermal resistance of the ground (annual pulse)
Thermal resistance of the ground (daily pulse)
Effective thermal resistance of the ground (monthly pulse)
Thermal resistance of bore
Undisturbed ground temperature
Ground temperature penalty
heat pump entering liquid temperature
heat pump leaving liquid temperature
Building design block load
Pump Power
Required bore length
(4)
(
appendix
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis
P H O E N I X V I L L E E A R LY L E A R N I N G C E N T E R
A N D E L E M E N TA RY S C H O O L
Appendix
vrf analysis
appendix
NOLAN JAMES AMOS |ae senior thesis