Online Resources
Online Resource 1: Food sources of organic and inorganic micronutrients
Nutrient
Sources
RDA
Vitamin A
Carrot, spinach, kale,
apricots, papaya,
mango, liver1
700 – 1300*1
Vitamin C
Peppers, orange,
kiwifruit, berries,
brussels sprouts1
65-120 mg/day1
Vitamin B9
Spinach, broccoli,
asparagus, beans, peas,
citrus fruits, liver1
400-600 g/day1
Vitamin E
Nuts, seeds, vegetable
oils, spinach, broccoli,
kiwifruit1
15-19 mg/day1
Iron
Red meat, fish, poultry,
soybeans, lentils,
beans1
8-27 mg/day1
Zinc
Seafood, meat, poultry,
beans, nuts, whole
grains1
8-13 mg/day1
Selenium
Nuts and peanuts,
seafood, some meats
and cereals1
55-70 g/day1
Calcium
Dairy products, nuts,
chinese cabbage, kale,
broccoli1
1000-1300 mg/day1
Lysine
Casein, beef, fish, egg,
field pea, dry bean,
carrot, apple3
1734 – 3621 mg/day2
Threonine
Casein, fish, chicken,
egg, mushroom, potato,
corn, fieldpea3
918 – 1917 mg/day2
Tryptophan
Casein, egg, milk,
cheese, cabbage,
drybean, mushroom,
sorghum3
238 - 497 mg/day2
Methionine
Cheese, egg, beef,
casein, rice, corn,
banana, carrot3
Cysteine
Egg, beef, chicken,
wheat, banana,
sorghum, rice, corn3
Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid
Fish, shellfish, seeds,
nuts, leafy vegetables4
850 - 1775 mg/day2
11-17 g/day2
1.0 – 1.6 g/day2
*
Recomended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for vitamin A are listed as micrograms (g) of
Retinol Activity Equivalents (RAE) to account for the different biological activities of
retinol and provitamin A carotenoids.
1
Office of Dietary Supplements (2011) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
2
Trumbo et al. (2002) J Am Diet Assoc 102:1621-1630
3
Sosulski and Imafidon (1990) J Agric Food Chem 38:1351-1356
4
Calder and Deckelbaum (2011) Curr Opin Nutr Metab Care 14:113-114
Online Resource 2: Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants and its equivalent steps in
bacteria on the left (Farré et al.2011b)
Abbreviations: IPP, isopentenyl diphosphate; IPPI, isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase;
DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; GGPP, geranylgeranyl diphosphate; GGPPS, GGPP
synthase; PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene
isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LYCB, lycopene
β-cyclase; LYCE, lycopene ε-cyclase; CYP97C, carotene ε-hydroxylase; HYDB, βcarotene hydroxylase; CRTE, bacterial geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase; CRTB,
bacterial phytoene synthase; CRTI, bacterial phytoene desaturase/isomerase; CRTY,
bacterial lycopene cyclase; CRTZ, bacterial β-carotene hydroxylase.
Online Resource 3: Ascorbate biosynthetic, catabolic and recycling pathways in plants
(modified from Naqvi et al. 2009b)
A)
D -mannos e-6P
P MM
D -mannos e-1P
vtc1
G MP
G DP -D -mannos e
G ME
C)
D)
G DP -L -galactos e
G D P -L - gulos e
Myo-inos itol
Miox
D -glucuronate
G ME
L - gulos e 1 phos phate
vtc2
B)
G G P or G G T
L -galactos e 1 phos phate
vtc4
MeG alUA
GPP
L -galactos e
L - gulos e
D - galacturonate
G DH
L -G ulonate
Methylgalactouronic
L -gulono-1,4 lactone
AL
L -galactono- 1,4- lactone
G alUR
L -galactonate
G alL DH
G L O as e
L - As corbate
MDHAR
AO
APX
Monodehydroas corbate
E)
DHAR
Dehydroas corbate
Abbreviations:
PMM, Phosphomannomutase; GDP, Guanosine diphosphate; GMP, GTP Mannose
Pyrophosphorolase; GME, GTP-Mannose-3,5-epimerase; GGT, L-Galactose
Guanyltransferase; GGP, GDP-L-Galactose phosphorylase; GPP, L-Galactose -1-PPhosphatase; GDH, L-Galactose Dehydrogenase; GalDH, L-Galactono-1,4-lactone
Dehydrogenase; MiOX, myo-Inositol Oxidase; AO, Ascorbate oxidase; APX, Ascorbate
peroxidase; DHAR, Dehydroascorbate reductase; MDHAR, Monodehydroascorbate
reductase; GLOase, L-gulono γ-lactone oxidase; AL, aldonolactonase; MegalUA, Dgalacturonate reductase; GalUR, D-galacturonate reductase;vtc1, Arabidopsis thaliana
GTP Mannose Pyrophosphorolase; vtc2, Arabidopsis thaliana GDP-L-Galactose
phosphorylase; vtc 4, Arabidopsis thaliana L-Galactose -1-P-Phosphatase.
Online Resource 4: Simplified scheme of the folate biosynthesis pathway in plants
(Naqvi et al. 2009b)
b
HMDHP
HMDHP-PP
HMDHP
DHM
DHN
PABA
Dihydropteroate
DHN-P
ADC
ADCS
Dihydrofolate
DHN-PPP
Tetrahydrofolate
GTP
GCHI
Chorismate
PolyGlu-tetrahydrofolate
Plastid
Mitochondrion
Abbreviations
GTP, Guanosine triphosphate; DHN, dihydroneopterin; GCHI, guanosine triphosphate
cyclohydrolase I; -P/-PP/-PPP, mono/di/triphosphate; DHM, dihydromonapterin;
HMDHP, hydroxymethyldihydropterin; ADC, aminodeoxychorismate; ADCS,
aminodeoxychorismate synthase; PABA, p-aminobenzoate.
Online Resource 5: Tocopherol biosynthesis in plants (modified from Farré et al., DOI
10.1007/s11248-012-9601-7)
Abbreviations
HGA, homogentisic acid; PDP, phytyldiphosphate; MEP, methylerythritol phosphate;
HPT, homogentisate phytyltransferase; HGGT, homogentisate geranylgeranyl
transferase; GGDP, Geranylgeranyl diphosphate; HPP, ρ-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid;
MPBQ, 2-methyl-6-phytylbenzoquinol; DMPBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-5-phytylbenzoquinol;
MGGBQ, 2-methyl-6-geranylgeranylplastoquinol; DMGGBQ, 2,3-dimethyl-5geranylgeranylplastoquinol; HPPD, HPP dioxygenase; GGDR, Geranylgeranyl
diphosphate reductase; MPBQ-MT, MPBQ methyltransferase; MGGBQ-MT, MGGBQ
methyltransferase; TC, tocopherol cyclase; γ–TMT, γ-tocopherol methyltransferase;
TyrA, Prephanate dehydrogenase; pds1, Arabidopsis thaliana HPPD; Vte2, Arabidopsis
thaliana HPT; Vte3, Arabidopsis thaliana MPBQ-MT; Vte1, Arabidopsis thaliana TC;
Vte4, Arabidopsis thaliana γ–TMT.
Online Resource 6: Orphan crops: production and opportunities for their nutritional
enhancement
World
Crop
Developing+
Nutritional
Production improvement
Area
Production
Area
1000 Ha
1000 Mt
1000 Ha
1000 Mt
4802
102115
3500
72774
Fe, Vit A, Vit
E
Beans, dry 29882
23229
22125
15020
Fe, Zn
Bananas
Cassava
18419
228549
14654
170347
Fe, Zn, Vit A
Chick
peas
11989
10943
10212
9107
Fe, Zn (pest
res.)
Reference
GCGH (2011)
www.grandchallenges.org
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Welsch et al. (2010) Plant
Cell 22:3348–3356
Zuo and Zhang (2009)
Agron Sust Devel 29:6371
Cow peas
Fonio
10563
602
Groundnut 24085
Lentils
Millets
Pigeon
peas
4180
35128
4753
5568
10535
5477
Fe, Zn
531
602
531
(Zn?) (low
mineral
content)
37665
22790
33995
Vit A
4641
1957
1571
Se, Fe, Zn
29172
3680
34593
4749
28492
3678
Hemalatha et al. (2006)
Food Chem 102:13281336
Obilana (2003)
AFRIPRO, Pretoria,
South Africa, 2-4 April
2003
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Thavarajah et al. (2008)
Agric Food Chem
56:10747-10753;
Thavarajah et al. (2009)
Agric Food Chem
57:5413-5419
Fe, Zn
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Vit A
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Plantains
5395
36562
4902
32690
Vit A
African Agricultural
Technology Foundation
(2003) Meeting report,
Kampala, Uganda
Quinoa
86
71
86
71
Rich in
minerals (Vit
A?)
John and Eyzaguirre
(2007) Food Policy 32:124
Sorghum
40509
55647
34254
17066
Lys, Vit A,
Fe, Zn
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Vit A
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal; Nestel et al.
(2006) J Nutr 136:10641067
Vit A
IFPRI and CIAT (2002)
Challenge Program
Proposal
Sweet
potato
Yam
8100
4776
106580
48701
7739
4723
101895
47872
Source for entire table: FAOSTAT (2010)
+
Developing Countries includes the following FAOSTAT groupings: Net Food Importing
Developing Countries, Low Income Food Deficit Countries, Least Developed Countries,
Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing Countries (FAOSTAT
http://faostat.fao.org/)