Chapter 16
Autonomic Nervous System
A. Introduction
1. various glands 2. conscious 3. parasympathetic 4. emergency 5.restful
1. The autonomic nervous system controls visceral activities by regulating
the actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and _________ ________
2. The autonomic nervous system functions without ____________ effort.
B. General Characteristics
1. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are sympathetic
and _____________.
2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for energy-expending,
stressful, or ___________situations.
3. The parasympathetic division is most active during ordinary,
___________ conditions.
C. Autonomic Nerve Fibers
1. motor 2. two 3. preganglionic 4.postganglionic 5. synapses 6. effector
1. All nerve neurons of the autonomic nervous system are
___________neurons.
2. In the autonomic system, motor pathways include _______ neurons.
3. A _____________ fiber is an axon of a preganglionic neuron.
4. A postganglionic fiber is an axon of a _______________ neuron.
5. A preganglionic fiber ________ with a postganglionic neuron.
6. A postganglionic fiber synapses with an visceral ____________, such
as a gland.
D. Sympathetic Division
1. lateral horns 2. white rami 3. Paravertebral ganglia 4. sympathetic trunks
5. collateral ganglia 6. sympathetic ganglion.7. visceral effectors 8. Gray rami
1. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers originate from
neurons within the _________ ___________of the spinal cord. These
neurons are in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
2. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers leave the spinal
nerves through ___ ___________ and enter sympathetic ganglia.
3. Paravertebral ganglia are located in chains along the sides of the
vertebral column.
4. The __________ _____________are Paravertebral ganglia and the
fibers that connect the ganglia.
5. The _____________are located within the abdomen, closely associated
with certain large blood vessels.
6. Typically a preganglionic axon of the sympathetic nervous system
synapses with several other neurons within a _______ _____________.
7. In the sympathetic division, the postganglionic fibers extend from the
sympathetic ganglia to _________ ____________.
8. _________________ are branches that contain unmyelinated
postganglionic axons.
E. Parasympathetic Division
1. sacral 2. near or within various organs 3. visceral organs 4. unmyelinated
1. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division arise from neurons in
the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and from part of the ___________
region of the spinal cord.
2. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to
ganglia that are located _____ __________ _________ _______.
3. The short postganlionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to
specific muscles or glands within visceral organs.
4. Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are usually myelinated and the
postganglionic fibers are usually ____________.
F. Autonomic Neurotransmitters
1. different effects 2. acetylcholine 3. cholinergic. 4. adrenergic 5.tone
1. The different postganglionic neurotransmitters are responsible for the
____________________ that the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions have on organs.
2. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions secrete acetylcholine and are called cholinergic.
3. The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are ____________.
4. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine and
are called___________.
5. Sympathetic __________ is a state of constant partial contraction of
smooth muscles in the wall of blood vessels caused by sympathetic
innervation.
G. Actions of Autonomic Neurotransmitters
1. effector 2. nicotinic. 3. Muscarinic 4. sympathetic 5.excitatory 6. excitatory
7. beta 8.Acetylcholinesterase
1. The actions of autonomic neurotransmitters result from their binding to
protein receptors in the membrane of __________cells.
2. Two types of cholinergic receptors are muscarinic and __________.
3. ______________ receptors are located in the membranes of effector
cells at the ends of all postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers and at
the ends of the cholinergic sympathetic fibers.
4. Nicotinic receptors are located in the synapses between the
preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and
_____________ pathways.
5. Responses from muscarinic receptors are ___________and slow.
6. Responses from nicotinic receptors are _______ and ________.
7. The two major types of adrenergic receptors are alpha and __________
receptors.
8. ____________________ decomposes acetylcholine.
H. Control of Autonomic Activity
1. brain 2. emotional
1. The autonomic nervous system is largely controlled by the
__________and spinal cord.
2. The limbic system and cerebral cortex control the autonomic nervous
system during ___________ stress.
IX. Life-Span Changes
A. Apoptosis B. thirty C. 10%.D. neurotransmitters E. reflexes F.
sympathetic G. reticular activating system.
A. ____________ is a form of programmed cell death and first occurs during
development.
B. By age _________, the die-off of neurons accelerates.
C. Over an average lifetime, the brain shrinks by about __________
D. With aging, the numbers of dendritic branches and amounts of
______________ decrease.
E. Noticeable signs of a normally aging nervous system include fading memory
and slowed responses and reflexes.
F. Decline in function of the __________ nervous system may cause transient
drops in blood pressure.
G. Changes in sleep patterns reflect the functioning of the ______ _________
______________