Accelerator Applications
Present and Future
Robert Kephart
Director
Illinois Accelerator Research Center
Fermilab
NIU Colloquium
Nov 2012
What is a Particle Accelerator?
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Macroscopic objects in our world are ~neutral in terms of overall
electric charge but at the most fundamental levels they consist of
small bits of matter each with a well defined electrical charge.
These bits of matter can be accelerated with electromagnetic
fields to achieve high velocities and energies
e.g.
Protons (charge + 1)
Electrons (charge -1)
Neutrons (charge 0)
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Ions
Helium Nucleus… Charge +2 (electrons removed)
Carbon Nucleus…Charge +6 (electrons removed)
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Neutrons have zero electric charge and alone
cannot be accelerated with electromagnetic fields
nuclei of atoms (with electrons removed) can be
Wikipedia “A particle accelerator is a device that uses
electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to high
speeds and to contain them in well-defined beams”
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
but
Accelerators are energy delivery systems
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An accelerator transforms electrical energy from the power grid
to many packets of energy each carried by a charged “particle”
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The energy from these particles can then be delivered in very
precise ways to perform a variety of functions
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One function is for basic research in which collisions e.g.
create intense localized energy regions simulating conditions at
the birth of the universe
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In other cases precise beams of photons or neutrons allow
us to examine the nature of protein folding or the structure of
new superconductors
Most accelerators were developed for “Discovery Science”
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Understanding the World with Accelerators:
Particle Physics
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Accelerators have enabled the construction of the
Standard Model of the visible world
Rich history of discovery:
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Discovery of antiproton showing
matter-antimatter symmetry
Electron scattering reveals partons
in protons
Discovery of J/Psi meson (charm)
CP symmetry is violated
Discovery of two types of neutrinos
Discovery of W, Z bosons
responsible for the weak force
Discovery of 3rd generation leptons
Discovery of bottom and top quarks and flavor mixing
Discover of the Higgs Boson ( origin of Mass)
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
A (Small) Sample of the “Tools for Discovery” that
Helped to Construct the Standard Model
Bevatron proton synchrotron
SLAC 50 GeV electron linac
27 km circumference!
Fermilab Accelerator Complex
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Large Hadron Collider, CERN
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Creation of 25 new chemical
elements, starting with Np (Z=93)
Generating a framework for
understanding nuclear shell
structure
# Protons (Z)
Understanding the World with Accelerators:
Nuclear Physics
Isotopes
# nucleons 
Mapping the limits of nuclear existence
Understanding energy generation in stars
Understanding the astrophysical origin of the elements
Discovery of the “quark gluon plasma” – a state of matter
that existed early in the universe
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
A (Very Small) Sample of Accelerators that
Helped to Understand Physics of Nuclei
Lawrence’s 60 inch
Cyclotron
UNILAC at GSI
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Relativistic Heavy Ion
Collider at BNL
Jefferson Laboratory
Recirculating Linac
Understanding the World with Accelerators:
Biological Science
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Structure of the rhinovirus leading to
“structure-based drug design”
Potassium channel structure revealed,
showing mechanism of the body’s
electrical system
Structure of the ribosome (makes proteins)
Materials Science
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Structure of Fullerenes
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Crystal structure
of Hi-Tc superconductors
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Atomic structure of
ribosomal subunit
A (Very Small) Sample of Accelerators for
Biological and Materials Science
Advanced Photon Source Argonne
Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Spallation Neutron Source ORNL
PSI Cyclotron
The Scientific Impact of Accelerators?
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Scientific Impact on Physics
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Nobel Prizes in Physics utilizing or
influenced by accelerators: 39 of 141
since 1939
Frequency with which acceleratormotivated research yields a Nobel
Prize: 2.9 years (Haussecker and Chao, ICFA BDN no. 53)
Nobel Prizes in Chemistry for research utilizing
synchrotron radiation facilities: 4 of last 14
Number of researchers in the U.S. who use acceleratorbased facilities to carry out their research: ~15,000/year
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
However, despite their impact, “Discovery
Accelerators” represent only 1% of all accelerators in
use in the world today. What are the rest good for?
Aircraft
Manufacturing
Curing cancer
Defense
e.g. Plastic and Rubber Products
Digital Electronics
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Inspecting cargo
Thanksgiving
Dinner!
Shrink wrap
!
Accelerators: Essential Tools in Industry
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The energy delivered by an accelerator can manipulate
materials and efficiently drive chemical reactions to create
all sorts of useful products
Most accelerators in use world wide are for this purpose
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Expectations for new technologies
 Must provide superior products
 Save energy
 Environment friendly
 Cost effective
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Accelerators can deliver on all of these !
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for America’s Future
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In the last half-decade there
has been a growing
recognition of the importance
that accelerators have in
advancing, not only Discovery
Science, but
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Industry,
Medicine and Health,
National Security,
and potentially, Energy and the
Environment
These advances benefit
society by contributing to our
quality of life and by
generating jobs and wealth
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
2009 DOE/OHEP Symposium and
Workshop on Accelerators for
America’s Future
Accelerators by the Numbers
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Numbers of accelerators:
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Economic Impact
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Market for Ion Beam Implantation systems: $1.5 B/yr
Market for medical accelerators: $4 B/yr
Value of products that use accelerator technology: $500B/yr
Health Impact
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Particle accelerators built to-date throughout the world: ~30,000
Industrial accelerators: ~21,000
Discovery machines are in
the “noise” !
Medical accelerators: ~9,000
Tens of millions of patients receive accelerator-based diagnoses
and treatments each year
~70,000 Patients who have received proton/ion therapy
50 medical isotopes routinely produced with accelerators
Huge impact… but many future applications are foreseen !
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Current Accelerator
Applications
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators: Essential Tools in Industry
Ion Implantation
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Accelerators can precisely deposit ions modifying
materials and electrical properties
Applied Materials, Inc.
Semi Conductors
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CMOS transistor fabrication of essentially all IC’s
CCD & CMOS imagers for digital cameras
Cleaving silicon for photovoltaic solar cells
Typical IC may have 25 implant steps
Metals
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Harden cutting tools
Reducing friction
Biomaterials for implants
Ceramics and Glasses
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Harden surfaces
Modify optics
Color in Gem stones!
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
N2 ions reduce wear
and corrosion in this
artificial femur
Accelerator Driven Chemistry
Radiation energy is different from Thermal energy !
Thermal energy is very strongly
coupled to Translational,
Rotational and Vibrational
modes of the energy absorber.
Ionization, bond rupture and
other processes leading to
chemical reactions occur
only in the high energy region
of the Maxwellian tail.
Activation
Energy
Ionizing radiation
Energy in the form of large quanta
have more pronounced chemical
Ionizing radiation is almost
effects than energy in the form of small
entirely absorbed by the
quanta (ie processes can occur at
electronic structure of absorber,
lower temperatures more efficient!)
which increases the energy
level of its orbital electrons.
Sunil Sabharwal
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Effective & efficient generator of reactive species
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators: Essential Tools in Industry
A wide-range of industrial applications makes use of low-energy
beams of electrons to drive chemistry
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0.1-10 MeV up to MW beam power
electrostatic, linac, betatron accelerators
Electron Beam Irradiation
Improved heat resistance of coatings, wire and cable,
crosslinking polymers, radial tires, etc)
1500 dedicated facilities worldwide
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators: Essential Tools in Industry
Electron beam printing
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Conventional printing requires
use of enormous amounts of
solvents that are created,
evaporated, and must be
disposed of … all with significant
environmental impact
• EB printing can print 12 colors at
600 M/min with water based inks
• EB’s also enables new packaging
methods for food (foil-glue-foil)
• Your milk carton or potato bag
may have been manufactured
with this technology
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Electron Beam Packaging
Accelerators: Food Preservation
Low-energy beams of electrons can help beat food-borne Illness
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~60 people die from food-borne
illness in the U.S. each week
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Food poisoning is estimated to cost
the US $152 billion a year.
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Electron beams and/or X-rays
can kill bacteria like E. coli,
Salmonella, and Listeria.
• Currently in use for: Spices,
fruit, lettuce, ground beef, milk,
juice, military rations…
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Many more opportunities exist
• Barriers = cost & public acceptance
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Radura symbol
indicates irradiated food
Accelerators for Industrial Processes
Electron Beam Welding and Machining
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Fuel injectors
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Deep welds, low weld shrinkage
Dissimilar or refractory metals, etc
Widely used in automotive and aerospace industry
Drill 3000 holes/sec!
PAVAC Energy Corp
Turbo chargers
Weld gear
boxes
Harden
gears
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Jet engines &
Gas turbines
Accelerators for Defense
Dual Axis Radiographic
Hydrodynamic Test Facility,
Los Alamos Nat. Lab
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Stockpile stewardship
Materials characterization
Radiography: Imaging materials in
motion using x-ray and particle
beams (remarkable capability!)
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for National Security
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More than two billion tons of cargo pass through U.S. ports
and waterways annually.
• Accelerators are used for cargo scanning and “active
interrogation” to detect special materials
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators in Medicine
Electron accelerator
Based X-Ray facility
For cancer treatment
(Varian Medical systems)
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Rhodotron, commercial
electron beam accelerator used
For sterilization of medical devices
Accelerators for the Medical Isotopes
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“Turn key” cyclotrons produced by industry
are routinely used to produce short lived
radio-pharmacy isotopes for molecular
imaging (18F, 11CO2 11CH4, 13N, 15O, etc)
PET =Positron Emission Tomography
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators in Medicine
Proton Cancer Therapy
Loma Linda Proton Therapy
and Treatment Center
World’s 1st proton accelerator
built specifically for proton therapy
Designed and built at Fermilab
Technology
Demonstration
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
New compact
SC magnets
(another FNAL
technology!)
smaller size/
costs
Industry
Future Accelerator
Applications
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
New Accelerators for Medicine
Carbon Ion’s: An opportunity!
X-rays
Ions
Depth determined
by beam energy
tumor
depth
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dE/dx
depth
CERN Accel School
> 5000 electron linacs are used to treat over 10, 000,000 cancer
patients each year, Proton therapy is becoming more popular
because it is more effective at destroying tumor vs benign tissues
Medical Accelerators based on Carbon Ions have the potential to
deliver even larger doses to tumors with high Relative Biological
Effect (RBE) at precisely controlled locations
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for Medicine
New sources of existing Medical Isotopes
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99Tc
(Techicium) is the most common
medical isotope with a Market near
$ 3 B /yr and growing
Currently this isotope is derived from
99Mo produced by fission of Highly
enriched 235U targets in high neutron
flux reactors (research, govt)
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Separation requires high level nuclear
chemistry  proliferation threat
Many reactors producing most of this
material are scheduled to be shut down in
the next decade  shortage!
99Tc
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All
Cyclotrons, copper
linacs, SRF based linacs
It’s a race!
Active industrial effort to
produce 99Mo and/or 99Tc with
accelerators vs reactors
ACSI Cyclotron, Canada
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for Medicine
New Medical Isotopes
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Some potentially useful isotopes for medicine
are not easily produced by reactors.
For example 210At (Astatine)
210At has a half-life of 8.1 hours total amount in the entire earth's
crust from U and Th decay is less than 30 gms (can’t mine it!)
Produced at labs and companies in small research quantities with
cyclotrons by bombarding bismuth targets with alpha particles … but
the total produced to date ~ 5 x 10-8 gm
Decays primarily into bismuth-206 (or polonium-210 through electron capture),
both undergo alpha decay depositing large amounts of energy locally
210At is chemically similar to Iodine  might be a potentially useful
isotope to target thyroid cancer
but…clinical trials and real use  must be produced in quantity
New Accelerator technology needed ! ( e.g. SRF base alpha linac?)
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for the Environment
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Electron accelerators are effective for
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Purifying drinking water
E.g. destroying pesticides, organics,
pharmaceuticals, etc)
Treating industrial/municipal waste water
Sewage Sludge Sterilization
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However, despite R&D demonstrations the market
penetration of these promising technologies is limited
Why?
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Potential users are conservative and need turn-key solutions
Full product development may require extensive infrastructure
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for the Environment: Coal
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41% of all electrical power worldwide is
generated by burning coal
• China and India are ramping up use of
coal for electrical power generation..
• US 20 yr use projected to be ~ flat
• Emission of NOx and SOx (acid rain) is
a serious environmental issue
• Accelerators can treat flue gas turning
NOx and SOx into fertilizer
• 1st step towards sequestration of CO2
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for Energy: Natural Gas
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Many wells produce both oil and natural
gas, but not all gas is recoverable
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Remote, so pipelines are not economical
Produce a burst of gas for only a few years
Methane is a powerful green house gas… so most
companies “Flare” stranded gas at the well
World wide $ 3.1 B of gas is flared
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The U.S. will flare an ~$ 0.5 B of gas in 2015
Processes like “Fischer-Tropsch” can convert
gas to liquid hydrocarbons but require large
plants for high temperature/pressure reactions
• Mobile accelerators could in principle break
C-H bonds in e.g. methane at lower
temp/press to efficiently convert stranded gas
to liquid hydrocarbons at the well head
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Gas flares in ND
Accelerators for Energy: ADS
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Accelerator Driven Subcritical Reactors can transmute
nuclear waste so it is much safer and simpler to store, while
at the same time generating electrical power
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Subcritical reactors  Safety… Accelerator off  reaction stops…no
run away reactions !
Requires very high beam power (>10 MW) and very high reliability
This technology is actively pursued in Europe, China, India
MYRRHA Accelerator Driven
Reactor Project, Mol, Belgium
An proton
accelerator hits a
target to provide the
excess neutrons to
sustain the reaction
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for Energy: ADS
Accelerator based transmutation combined with geological
disposal has the potential to make nuclear power, a zero
carbon energy source, acceptable to society
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ADS can also potentially
make use of non-fissile
fuels like Thorium
• Superconducting RF
Linac’s can provide high
beam power & efficiency
• Molten salt sub critical
reactors may make this
even more attractive
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Natural Uranium
Accelerators for Security and
Defense
Accelerators based on superconducting
radio-frequency technology are being
developed to produce high power laser
beams for defense.
Engage multiple cruise missiles at once
New accelerators
to produce
“Terahertz”
radiation sources
for scanning
US Navy Laser downs drone
Inspection and Scanning:
• Active interrogation of ships at stand-off distances
• Development of a suite of probes (n, x-ray, gamma, THz, p, …)
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators for ? ? ?
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Several other really clever ideas from Industry and
entrepreneurs may have significant economic
potential but protected by non-disclosure agreements
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Requires an adjustment in our academic culture !
• Most scientist are ready to talk about their work to
anyone who will listen !
• vs… Publish by patents culture, revenue from
licenses, IP creation and protection, evaluation of
ROI from research… etc…
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Ideas that benefit society… but …additional motives
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Great ideas… So what is the Problem?
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New applications of accelerator technology seem to die for
one of four reasons
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Feasibility not proven: Inadequate resources: (financial, personnel,
infrastructure) in industry, universities, or labs to demonstrate the basic
feasibility of an idea
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During transition from small scale technology demonstration to a
commercial product (may require large investments & infrastructure)
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Judged not economically viable reliability of technology, capital
investment required, or operating costs not demonstrated vs other
approaches
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Lack of acceptance of the new technology by potential customers
that is cured only by large scale demonstrations that lower perceived
risk and demonstrate costs
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A new Facility being built at Fermilab (the Illinois Accelerator Research
Center) is intended to help fill these gaps by providing access to
accelerator experts and laboratory infrastructure
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC: What is it ?
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A partnership between Department of
Energy and the State of Illinois
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To enable Fermilab to work more closely with industry
and university partners on Accelerator Technology
Development and Accelerator Education
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To develop new accelerator technology based products
and high tech industries in the U.S. ( especially Illinois)
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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How did this partnership get created?
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Realizations that Accelerators developed for Discovery
Science have many applications in society and large and
growing economic impact
2007: Proposal to the state of Illinois and DOE
2009: Accelerators for Americas Future symposium
hosted by the Department of Energy Report provided
strong support. http://www.acceleratorsamerica.org/
Bottom line:
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Many future Accelerator applications identified that could be
realized or commercialized in the future
2010: IARC funded by the State of Illinois, DCEO grant
2011: 1st DOE funding (continues)
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Aligned with National Priorities
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Presidential Memorandum on Accelerating Technology Transfer
and Commercialization of Federal Research in Support of High
Growth Businesses (Oct. 28, 2011)
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2012 Senate Water and Energy bill language
 Requested an accelerator stewardship plan from the DOE
office of High Energy Physics (response to symposium report)
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DOE Accelerator Stewardship Mission -- DOE/OHEP has taken
on the mantle of stewardship of accelerator science and
technology within DOE-SC with a thrust related to applied
technology.
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Deputy Sec of Energy, 2013: “ We need to accelerate the
innovation process—to rapidly translate scientific discovery into
transformational technologies”
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC: Physical Plant
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The State of Illinois, Department of Commerce and Economic
Opportunity (DCEO) provided a $ 20 M grant for the
construction of a new building
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DOE/OHEP committed to $ 13 M direct contribution and a
refurbished $ 38 M heavy assembly building at Fermilab
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Together these will create a $ 70 M complex to enable the
IARC mission
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IARC = New state funded Office, Technical, and Education
(OTE) building + refurbished CDF heavy assembly building
(HAB) + infrastructure to enable the IARC program
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC OTE Building (State funded)
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48,000 gross square footage
23,000 SF of Office Space (145 offices); 3,700 SF Light Tech Space
3,900 SF New Lecture Hall (175 seats); 900 SF Meeting Rooms, 250 car parking lot
First Occupants ~ Sept 2014
Mix of lab accelerator, University, and Industry staff
Dedication Event ~ Oct-Nov 2014 … 1st Industry workshop !
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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Heavy Assembly Building (DOE)
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Used for the construction of the CDF experiment (42,000 sq ft)
50 T crane; 10 T crane
Deep pit ideal for radiation shielding of high power accelerators;
1.5 MW of installed electrical Power (upgradeable)
2.0 MW of industrial, Low conductivity, and chilled water systems
600 W @ 4 K cryogenic refrigerator (upgradeable)
Light tech space, machine shop, 40 offices, high speed IT network
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In FY14-15 we will refurbish exterior, HVAC, offices, exterior.
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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Details!!!… removing > 2500 T of experiment!
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D&D of the CDF detector is in progress so that HAB
pit can be ready for IARC program in FY15
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Approach: Creating a successful IARC Program
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Listen to Industry ( SPAFOA meetings, meetings with heads of
accelerator businesses who will be our customers, workshops planned
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Use Industry Consultants: Bob Hamm, former head Varian Medical R&D
and owned his own accelerator company for two decades
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Advice: e.g. from Chicago Booth business school, U of C Tech
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Advice from other labs: NREL facility (ESIF) is a similar lab-industry ctr
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Work with DOE: to agree on the vision and funding for Accel Applications
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Work with Universities: to establish partnerships & educational program
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Work with the State of Illinois: to engage the State’s participation in
funding the program at IARC
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NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
IARC: The Opportunity for Fermilab
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Opportunity to put substance behind the claim that HEP is the
developer/steward of accelerator technology within the Office
of Science
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Opportunity to partner with industry, labs, and universities on
new accelerator applications and to function as a center for
accelerator based projects in the Office of Science
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Opportunity to establish additional funding sources outside
HEP or with industry to develop intellectual property (patents,
royalties)
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Opportunity for Fermilab to become a National center for
accelerator education
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Opportunity to develop technologies that benefit society
bringing recognition to the DOE SC laboratories and their
Discovery Science Mission and to Fermilab
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC: The Opportunity for Industry
Fermilab has:
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a world-leading accelerator engineering and scientific
staff that have the potential to make an impact beyond
the field of high-energy physics. (with addition resources at
nearby ANL)
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core capabilities and infrastructure that are unique, and
that could potentially be used in application beyond the
field of high-energy physics.
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A strong connection to university based research
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And will have the IARC physical plant in FY15
Industry can leverage these assets to create new
accelerator based products and capabilities
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC: The Opportunity for Universities
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Universities can:
→
Use their engineering and accelerator scientific staff to
partner with industry to develop accelerator ideas into
new products or services
→
Leverage the IARC infrastructure and FNAL staff to
enable your entrepreneurs
→
Use IARC to support their existing Accelerator Education
programs or partner with Fermilab to create a larger
national center for accelerator education
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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IARC: The Opportunity for Illinois
Illinois can:
50
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Capitalize on a unique business opportunity to create an entire
high technology sector in accelerator applications
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Leverage the fact that Northern Illinois contains two DOE National
laboratories, representing the largest concentration of Accelerator
Scientists and infrastructure in North America
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Leverage federal funding and infrastructure (at the scale
hundreds of millions of dollars) and via DCEO grants and
matching funds to enable development of new accelerator
applications and businesses in Illinois

Create with Fermilab, ANL, and Illinois universities a national
center for accelerator education producing a unique and valuable
high technology workforce
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
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Who is interested in using IARC ?
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Even in the absence of an official announcements, many possible partners have
contacted FNAL about working at IARC (yellow = IARC EOI)
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ANL.………………accelerator education, SBIR, joint work with industry
AES……………….Accelerators for water treatment, FE electron guns (with NIU)
Euclid……………..Several SBIR/STTR grants
E-beams/IdeOn….Proprietary polymerization effort via EB
LLNL……………....test accelerators funded by DTRA and/or DARPA
Muons Inc………...SBIR/STTR’s including magnetron RF power
National Instr……..accelerator instrumentation and controls
Niowave…………..possible accelerator test site
NIU: ……………....Source Development, SBIR/STTR, new RF sources, education?
Omega-P………....SBIR/STTR idea relevant to Project X
PAVAC…………....Flue gas test accelerator, Several SRF based SBIR ideas
Radiabeam……….SBIR, Several Proprietary projects
Harvard Medical….Moly 99 and med isotopes
Tandell systems….accelerator reliability, integration, and simulation
UC Urvine……….. Water treatment with accelerators
Walter Reed……..Carbon ion accelerator (also UTSW)
Varian Medical……test cell for medical machines, water treatment ?
Wilcrest consulting...high power industrial electron accelerators for oil industry
Recurrent theme: funding, clear program rules, IP protection, predictable
schedule and processes, access to deep pit & infra to test accelerators!
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Summary
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Accelerators developed for discovery science have spawned a
host of practical applications
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Accelerator applications are an important and increasing sector for U.S.
economic growth ( > $ 500 B/yr in products)
•
New proposed accelerator applications have great promise.
•
The new Illinois Accelerator Research Center (IARC) is under
construction at Fermilab as a joint DOE-State of Illinois Project
•
IARC will bring together Industry, Universities and Fermilab to
develop & demonstrate accelerator technology to solve problems
of national importance in medicine, industry, energy, environment,
security, and discovery science
•
IARC can enable a world-class program in accelerator education
•
Even without a “formal” IARC program announcement there is lots
of interest from Industry and potential partners
See Web site IARC.fnal.gov
52
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
extras
53
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerator Taxonomy
•
DC accelerators for electrons, protons, ions (< 20 MV)

•
Circular Proton/Hadron Accelerators

•
Electron linacs based on NC and SRF structures, Free-electron lasers,
linear colliders, recirculating linear accelerators
Hybrids


54
Radio-frequency quadrupoles, Drift-tube linac, coupled cavity linac, SRF
linac, various RF structure types
Linear Electron Accelerators:

•
Betatrons, microtrons, electron synchrotrons, electron storage rings, e+ecolliders
Linear Proton/ion accelerators

•
Cyclotrons, Synchrocyclotrons, weak and strong-focusing Synchrotrons,
FFAGs, p-pbar, p-p and ion Colliders
Circular Electron Accelerators

•
Cockroft-Walton, Van de Graaff generators, Pelletrons, Dynamitrons
Energy-recovery linear accelerators
Muon accelerators for colliders and neutrino factories
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Other applications
•
There are many other accelerator applications that I
cannot cover in this talk due to time constraints
•
Examples:



55
Hard rock tunneling with e beams
Heavy Ion Fusion, Inertial fusion accelerators (e.g. neutral
beam injectors for ITER) for energy production
Sterilization of bee hives to prevent colony collapse disorder
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Accelerators in the Energy Sector
•
Materials for next generation
fission reactors or fusion
devices need x10 greater
radiation resistance than those
used today; damage regime can
be reached by accelerator-driven
sources based on high-power
hadron beams (p, d)
•
Inertial Confinement Fusion by
ignition from heavy-ion beams.
Requires very high-intensity ion
beams

56
~5MJ/10 nsec (500 TW!); 1-10 GeV;
5 pulses/second
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Zinkle and Busby,
Materials Today 12
(2009) 12.
Commercial Accelerator Business
11000
Updated total >24 000
and estimate is that
> 18 000 installed base.
10200
10000
9000
Total sales increasing
almost 10% per year.
Systems built to date
8000
7000
7000
More than 70 vendors
worldwide in this
business.
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
2600
1500
1500
1000
1000
0
250
70
Vendors primarily in
US, Europe and Japan,
but growing in China,
Russia and India
All the products that are processed, treated or inspected by
particle beams have an annual value exceeding US$500B.
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Courtesy R. Hamm
Accelerator vendors worldwide
28
26
24
22
Accelerator Vendors
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
N.
America
NIU Colloquium, RDK, Nov 2013
Europe
Japan
China
Russia
Korea
India
Courtesy R. Hamm