SLHC and CMS
LHC Upgrades
Dan Green
US CMS Program Manager
Fermilab
October 6, 2004
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
1
Outline
SLHC – Upgrades and “Reach”
CMS and US CMS Collaborations
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
2
LHC Detector Innovations
LHC challenges have led to dramatic detector
progress
LA – “accordion” for high speed operation
PbWO4 – fast crystal calorimetry, radiation
resistant.
Muon Toroids – precision momentum over an
enormous volume.
All silicon tracking – 200 m2
Silicon pixels at p-p colliders for b tagging.
DSM electronics – radiation hard
Optical data transfers – fast, hermetic.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
3
Evolution of LHC luminosity
Install upgrade here
When do you upgrade the LHC and expts?
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
4
Mass Reach vs L - SLHC
N=100 Events, Z' Coupling
VLHC
2 TeV
10
14 TeV
4
28 TeV
LHC
MZ'(GeV)
100 TeV
1032
At
reach is
already
2 TeV
Tevatron
10
3
10
32
10
33
10
34
10
35
Luminosity(/cm2sec)
In general mass reach is increased by ~ 1.5 TeV for Z’, heavy SUSY squarks or
gluinos or extra dimension mass scales. A ~ 20% measurement of the HHH
coupling is possible for Higgs masses < 200 GeV. However, to realize these
improvements we need to maintain the capabilities of the LHC detectors.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
5
Kinematics
5 TeV
1 TeV
d / dy
barrel
y
barrel
Heavy States decay at wide angles. For
example Z’ of 1 and 5 TeV decaying into
light pairs. Therefore, for these states we
will concentrate on wide angle detectors.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
6
Higgs Self Coupling
Baur, Plehn, Rainwater
HH  W+ W- W+ W-   jj jj
Find the Higgs? If the H mass is known, then the SM H potential is
completely known  HH prediction. If H is found, measure selfcouplings, but ultimately SLHC is needed. The plan is for 10x
increase in luminosity ~ 2013. Given the needed R&D time, work on
the new detectors needed for the SLHC must start very soon.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
7
Detector Environment
LHC
s
L
 Ldt
SLHC
14 TeV
14 TeV
2
2
1034 /(cm  sec) 1035 /(cm  sec)
100 fb1 / yr 1000 fb1 / yr
Bunch spacing dt
25 ns
12.5 ns
N( interactions/x-ing)
~ 12
~ 62
dNch/d per x-ing
Tracker occupancy
Pile-up noise
Dose central region
~ 75
1
1
1
~ 375
5
~2.2
10
Bunch spacing reduced 2x. Interactions/crossing increased 5 x.
Pileup noise increased by 2.2x if crossings are time resolvable.
Tenfold L increase comes from dt, *, and p/bunch.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
8
Heavy Ion Program
In heavy ion
(HI) runs the
particle density
is ~ 5000 for
Pb-Pb. Good
study for
detector
“headroom”
w.r.t. SLHC.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
9
HI – Tracker Study
Efficiency
Fakes
|| < 0.7
The CMS tracker has sufficient
headroom to operate in the HI
environment.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
10
Tracker – Ionizing Dose
The ionizing dose due to charged
particles is:
ID   I c [dE / d (  ' x)]mip /[2 r 2 ]
The dose depends only on luminosity, r,
and exposure time .
For example, at r = 20 cm, the dose is ~3
Mrad/yr – ignoring “loopers”,
interactions, ….  “naïve” expectation.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
11
Tracker ID vs. Radius
35
10
Ionizing Dose in Tracker for 10
3
1
naive
Dose(Mrad)
10
10
10
10
2
L and 1 Year
3
2
1
0
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
r(cm)
Define 3 regions. With 10x
increase in L, need a ~ 3x
change in radius to preserve
an existing technology.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
12
Crossing ID: CMS HB Pulse Shape
100 GeV electrons. 25ns bins. Average pulse shape,
phased +1ns to LHC clock. Bunch ID at 12.5 nsec OK
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
13
HI - Jet Reconstruction
Full jet reconstruction in central Pb-Pb collision
HIJING, dNch/dy = 5000
Efficiency, purity
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
Measured jet energy Jet energy resolution
14
ECAL – Shower Dose
The dose in ECAL is ~ due to photon showers
and is:
SD   I o [dE / d (  ' x )]mip [ pT  / sin  Ec ]/[2 r 2 ]
 ( ID / 2)[ pT  / sin  Ec ]
In the barrel, SD is ~ /[r 2 sin  ] . In the endcap,
SD ~ /[ z 2 3 ] ~ ( / z 2 )e3
At r = 1.2 m, for Pb with Ec = 7.4 MeV, the dose
at y=0 is 3.3 Mrad/yr, at |y|=1.5 it is 7.8
Mrad/yr.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
15
HCAL and ECAL Dose
35
10
Dose in ECAL and HCAL for L = 10 and One Year
3
ecal
10
2
hcal
Dose(Mrad)
naive
10
10
10
10
1
0
-1
-2
0
1
2
3
4
5

Barrel doses are not a problem. For the endcaps a
technology change may be needed for 2 < |y| < 3 for
the CMS HCAL. Switch to quartz fiber as in HF?
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
16
HCAL - Coverage
VBF and “tag” jets are important for
calorimetry. Reduced forward coverage to
compensate for 10x L is not too damaging to
“tag jet” efficiency, SD ~ 1/3 ~ e3
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
17
Muons and Shielding
There is factor ~
5 in headroom
at design L.
With added
shielding, dose
rates can be
kept constant if
angular
coverage goes
from |y|<2.4 to
|y|<2.
r
n /(cm2 sec)
r
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
z
18
L1 Trigger at 1035 ?
Muons are ~ clean. Issue
of low momentum muons
from b jets. Jets are ~
clean. ECAL jets are

mostly “garbage”  need
tracker to make big L1
improvements.

Rutherford scattering ~
1/PT3 at low momentum
Simply scale thresholds? J
Or migrate Tracking into
L1 trigger at the SLHC.
J*MET
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
L = 1034
L = 1035
20 GeV
40 GeV
5
7.5
250
540
113*70
170*100
19
Summary and Conclusions
LHC experiments are designed for
discovery at the new energy frontier
The detectors are nearing completion and
commissioning has begun
Discoveries will come early because energy
matters. The experiments must be ready on
day one.
It is not just the quick discovery. With the
SLHC the program (new spectroscopy ?) at
the energy frontier will span decades.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
20
The CMS Collaboration
Belgium
Number of
Laboratories
Member States
59
Non-Member States
56
USA
USA
Finland
CERN
France
38
153
Total
Bulgaria
Austria
Germany
Greece
Russia
Hungary
Number of
Scientists
Member States
1005
Non-Member States
528
USA
443
Total
1976
Uzbekistan
Ukraine
Slovak Republic
Georgia
Belarus
Armenia
Italy
UK
Turkey
Serbia
Pakistan
New-Zealand
Associated Institutes
Number of Scientists
73
Number of Laboratories 10
April, 05 2004/gm
http://cmsdoc.cern.ch/pictures/cmsorg/overview.html
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
Brazil
China, PR
Korea
China (Taiwan)
Ireland
Iran
Croatia
India
Estonia Cyprus
Poland
Portugal
Spain
Switzerland
1976 Physicists and Engineers
36 Countries
21
153 Institutions
CMS – SC and MB
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
22
US CMS – 38 +1 Groups
Boston University
Physicists - PD + Faculty, 282 Total
University of California, Davis
University of California, Los
Angeles
University of California,
Riverside
University of California, San
Diego
University of California, Santa
Barbara
California Institute of
Technology
Carnegie Mellon University
Fairfield University
Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory
University of Florida
Florida International
University
Florida State University
Florida Institute of
Technology
University of Illinois at
Chicago
University of Iowa
Iowa State University
Johns Hopkins University
University of Kansas
Kansas State University
University of Maryland
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
University of Minnesota
University of Mississippi
University of NebraskaLincoln
Northeastern University
Northwestern University
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
University of Notre Dame
Ohio State University
23
US CMS Groups
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
24
PMP – L2 Managers
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
25
WBS for US CMS
WBS 1. -EMU(UW)
WBS -2.HCAL(UM)
1. Endcap Muon Cathode Strip Chambers
2. Hadron Calorimeter full HB, HOB, HE and HF
transducers and
readout.-HE scint, HF
QP fibers
WBS 3.Trigger (UW)
3.Endcap muon and
calorimeter trigger. DAQ
filter
DAQ(FNAL)
4. Electromagnetic
Calorimeter - barrel
transducers, front end
electronics, and laser
monitor
5. Forward pixels
WS 6.-CP
(UW,FNAL)
WBS 4.ECAL(UMinn)
WBS 5.FPIX(NW)
7. Project office
WBS 8. -Si
Trkr(UCSB)
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
6. Common Projects endcap yoke, barrel
cryostat and
superconductor
8. Si Tracker – full TOB
26
One Page Summary
US CMS Detector Project
180
160
140
AY M$
120
BCWS
BCWP
ACWP
EAC
TPC
BA
100
80
60
40
20
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
Sep-05
Sep-04
Sep-03
Sep-02
Sep-01
Sep-00
Sep-99
Sep-98
Sep-97
Sep-96
0
WBS schedule
saturates BA –
go as fast as
possible. Initial
contingency
level was 43 %.
TPC is capped.
Lag in work
performed
(reporting?) and
in actuals
(delayed
invoicing).
Close
completed tasks
after 1 year.
27
HEPAP Survey – Ramp Up
US CMS Survey
CERN –
US CMS
#
400
350
300
= faculty
+ PD
Grad Students
FTE
(total
interest
not FTE)
250
200
Postdocs
Faculty
150
100
50
0
FY03
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
FY04
FY05
FY06
FY07
>FY07
28
CMS - USC 55
Delivery estimated
for 1 June 2004.
Can be
accommodated in
v34.0 leading to
ready for crates on
15 Jul 2005.
3 shifts running
underground with
up to 200 workers
Contractors are
anxious to finish
pt 5 work asap.
13 April 2004 – USC55 Cavern
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
29
CMS - Experimental Caverns
Service : USC55 ready Jan 04
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
Experiment: UXC55 ready July
04
30
CMS – Si Tracker
All TIB layers completed: L1, L2, L3 and L4 (F/B).
Surveyed TIB layers: L1B and L4F/B.
Layer 3 Proto: ready for module integration.
Layer 3 Proto ready
Layer 4&1 Backward
Layer 4&3 Forward
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
31
Dipole Installation
Jan., 2004
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
32
US LHC - IR Quad
US involved in next
generation (SLHC) low  quads
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
33
CMS: 1st Coil Module at CERN-SX5
World’s largest electro-magnet. 4T field.
Calorimetry is inside.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
34
SX5 and Pit-head Cover
cover complete
first closing test
later this month.
SX5 Jura wall
removal this
summer
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
35
Mass “Reach” and L
The number of Z’ detected in leptonic
decays is:
N  { 2W [ xu( x ) xu ( x )]x  M / s }B(ee      )[y / 8M 2 ]
[ xu( x ) xu ( x )]  0.36 x (1  x )11,
For
if N = 100 is
discovery level then M ~ 5.3 TeV is ~ the
mass “reach” in 1 year (M=4 -> 5.3 TeV).
The leptons will be sharply limited to low
|y| or large angles (“barrel”).
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
36
HI Tracking
Match Reconstructed tracks to MC input on a hit by
hit basis.
|| < 0.7
dpT/pT < 1%
(Event sample: dn/dy ~3000 + one 100GeV Jet/Event)
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
37
The Algorithm – HI Tracking
Adapted from default p+p reconstruction.
Based on Kalman Filter (ORCA_6_3_0)
Modifications to the p+p Algorithm:
1) Trajectory Seed Generation
Three pixel hit combinations compatible with primary
event vertex
2) Trajectory Building
Special error assignment to merged hits
3) Trajectory cleaning
Allow only one track per trajectory seed
4) Trajectory Smoothing
Final fit with split stereo layers
Code is currently frozen and prepared for release
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
38
HI, dN/dy ~5000
Charged particle spectra can be reconstructed
for pT>1GeV (“loopers” are lost)
Lower cutoff possible with reduced field
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
39
Preparing for the Physics
Test beam work continues – calibration, low
momentum
Optical alignment, construction constants –
databases
Trigger and DAQ studies at low and high
luminosity.
Initial physics run studies with 10 fb-1 - LHC
Symposium.
Grid Computing – hierarchical structure, Tier 0 –
Tier 1 and Tier 2.
Core Computing and Software
Data Challenges – incremental, DC04 = 25%
bandwidth
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
40
US CMS
387 Members from 38 Institutions
US is the
single
largest
national
group in
CMS. US is
distributed
widely over
universities
in CMS.
There are
50 distinct
groups
working on
US CMS L2
subsystems.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
41
US LHC Construction Projects
US CMS - Total Cost and Scheduled Cost
180
160
140
AY(M$)
120
100
Scheduled
Total
80
60
40
20
Sep-05
Sep-04
Sep-03
Sep-02
Sep-01
Sep-00
Sep-99
Sep-98
Sep-97
Sep-96
0
The 531 M$ investment in US LHC construction has been wisely
used. The Projects are on schedule (for 2005 ~ completion) and on
budget. Next step is to use the time before 2007 to prepare for the
physics – commissioning and preops in SX5 – more “slice” tests.
SLHC, Cornell Oct. 6, 2004
42