‫بررسی و ارزیابی پوشش‬
‫‪k‬تایی در شبکههای حسگر‬
‫‪Study and Evaluation of‬‬
‫‪k-Coverage in Sensor Networks‬‬
‫استاد راهنما‪ :‬دکتر علی موقررحیمآبادی‬
‫استاد مشاور‪ :‬دکتر محمد قدسی‬
‫مریم بوشهریان‬
‫دیماه ‪1385‬‬
‫فهرست مطالب‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫شبکههای حسگر‬
‫پارامترهای یک شبکهی حسگر‬
‫اهداف گوناگون در شبکههای حسگر‬
‫مسئلهی پوشش‬
‫مسائل مختلف در پوشش حس ی‬
‫پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه‬
‫الگوریتمهای ارائه شده برای باالبردن عمر شبکه‬
‫شرایط ويژهی مسئله مصرف بهینه انرژی‬
‫روش پیشنهادی و زمانبندی‬
‫شبکهی حسگر‬
‫• مجموعهای از تعداد بسیار زیادی حسگر با تراکم باال‬
‫• هدف‪ :‬در ارتباط با یکدیگر یک وظیفهی حس ی را در یک مکان ایجاد‬
‫کنند‪.‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫پارامترهای یک شبکهی حسگر (‪)1‬‬
‫• ساختار شبکه‬
‫– مسطح‬
‫– سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫• نحوهی چینش حسگرها‬
‫– تصادفی‬
‫– توزیعهای مختلف آماری مانند پواسون‬
‫• مدل ردیابی‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫پارامترهای یک شبکهی حسگر (‪)2‬‬
‫• ناحیهی حس ی‬
‫– ‪2‬بعدی‬
‫– ‪ 3‬بعدی‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫محدودهی ارسالی‬
‫همگامی زمان‬
‫مدل خرابی‬
‫تحرک حسگرها‬
‫اطالعات مکانی‬
‫اهداف گوناگون درشبکههای حسگر‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫مسئلهی پوشش‬
‫• بررس ی میزان احاطهی حسگرها بر منطقهی مورد نظر‬
‫• تعاریف‪:‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫نقطهی کور‬
‫پوشش منطقهای‬
‫پوشش نقطهای‬
‫پوشش حصاری‬
‫مسائل مختلف در پوشش حس ی‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫•‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫تعداد حسگرهای کمینه‬
‫بررس ی پوشش ‪k‬تایی‬
‫تعیین ‪ k‬در پوشش ‪k‬تایی‬
‫پوشش در فضای ‪3‬بعدی‬
‫اتصال و پوشش‬
‫حرکت حسگرها به منظور تامین پوشش (تکی یا ‪k‬تایی)‬
‫پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه‬
‫پوشش با مصرف انرژی بهینه‬
‫• چینش حسگرها محدودیت دارد‪:‬‬
‫– هزینهبر است‪.‬‬
‫– در همهی زمانها انجامپذیر نیست‪.‬‬
‫• چینش خیلی وقتها به صورت متراکم انجام میشود‪.‬‬
‫• حسگرها محدودیتهای زیادی دارند‪.‬‬
‫– عمر مفید‬
‫– محدودیت منبع انرژی‬
‫• طوالنی کردن عمر شبکه بدون از دست دادن پوشش مطلوب‪ ،‬اهمیت‬
‫دارد‪.‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫مثال‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫مثال‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫مثال‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫پوشش با هدف افزایش دورهی حیات شبکه‬
‫• هدف‪ :‬باال بردن طول عمر یک شبکهی حسگر‪ ،‬با در نظر گرفتن پوشش‬
‫اولیهی آن‬
‫فعال‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن گیرنده‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن واحد حسی‬
‫واحد حسی‬
‫فعال‬
‫گیرندهی فعال‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن پردازنده‬
‫شنوا‬
‫خاموش یا روشن کردن‬
‫واحد حسی‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن پردازنده‬
‫مراقب‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن پردازنده‬
‫خاموش یا روشن کردن‬
‫گیرنده‬
‫غیرفعال (خواب)‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن واحد حسی‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫کامال غیرفعال‬
‫خاموش یا روشن‬
‫کردن گیرنده‬
‫حسکننده‬
‫الگوریتمهای ارائه شده برای باالبردن عمر شبکه‬
‫ویژگی شبکه‬
‫الگوریتم‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫اطالع از مکان‬
‫حسگرها‬
‫اطالع از فاصلهی‬
‫بین حسگرها‬
‫ساختار شبکه‬
‫چینش‬
‫حسگرها‬
‫تراکم باالی‬
‫حسگرها‬
‫منطقهی‬
‫حسی‬
‫محدودهی‬
‫حسی‬
‫همگامی‬
‫زمانی‬
‫تحرک‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪RIS‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫یکنواخت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Sponsered‬‬
‫‪Sector‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪MSNL‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪LDAS‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫یکنواخت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪PEAS‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫یکنواخت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪OGDC‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪CCP‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ASCENT‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪PECAS‬‬
‫مسطح‬
‫یکنواخت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪LEACH‬‬
‫سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪E-LEACH‬‬
‫سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ESS‬‬
‫سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪LDS‬‬
‫سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫پواسون‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪BS‬‬
‫سلسلهمراتبی‬
‫پواسون‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪2‬بعدی‬
‫یکنواخ‬
‫ت‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫شرایط ويژهی مسئله مصرف بهینه انرژی‬
‫• اجرای الگوریتم به صورت مرکزی بسیار هزینهبر و در مواردی غیرممکن‬
‫است‪.‬‬
‫• واحدهای پردازش(حسگرها) ضعیف هستند‪:‬‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫–‬
‫پردازنده‬
‫حافظه‬
‫انرژی‬
‫برد انتقال اطالعات‬
‫• بسیاری از مسائل مطرح در این زمینه ‪ NP-Complete‬هستند‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫روش پیشنهادی‬
‫• در صورت امکان‪ ،‬ارائهی یک الگوریتم بهینه یا نزدیک به بهینه در‬
‫زمینهی پوشش ‪k‬تایی با هدف افزایش دورهی حیات شبکه‬
‫• پیادهسازی الگوریتم و شبیهسازی آن‬
‫– استفاده از ابزارهای شبیهسازی شبکه مانند ‪NS-2‬‬
‫– پیادهسازی الگوریتم به صورت مستقیم با کمک زبانهای برنامهسازی‬
‫• مقایسهی نتایج با کارهای مرتبط‬
‫‪16‬‬
‫زمانبندی مورد نظر‬
‫نوشتن پایاننامه و دفاع‬
‫ارائه یک روش بهینه یا نزدیک به بهینه و‬
‫پیادهسازی آن‬
‫بررس ی مقاالت و کارهای‬
‫انجامشده‬
‫مرداد‬
‫‪17‬‬
‫تیر‬
‫خرداد‬
‫اردیبهشت‬
‫فروردین‬
‫اسفند‬
‫بهمن‬
‫دی‬
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21.
22.
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25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
H. Zhang, J. C. Hou, “Maintaining Sensing Coverage and Connectivity in Large Sensor Networks,” in
Proceedings of NSF International Workshop on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless,
and Peer-to-Peer Networks, invited paper, 2004.
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Underwater Sensor Network," in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Embedded Networked
Sensor Systems, San Diego, California, USA, pp.154–165, 2005.
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