Phonetics and
Phonemics
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Phonetics and Phonemics :

The principle goal of Phonetics is to
provide an exact description of every
known speech sound

Domain of phonetics is independent of any
particular language

Phonemics is used for the study of speech
sounds as they are perceived of by
speakers of particular language
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Phonetics :

Articulatory phonetics
 How
any given speech sound is produced,
with particular emphasis on anatomical detail

Acoustical phonetics
 The
emphasis is on observable, measurable
characteristics in the waveform of speech
sounds
 Provides
theoretical and experimental
background for speech recognition and
synthesis by electronic hardware
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Articulatory phonetics :

The first task of articulatory phonetics is to describe
speech sound in the terms of position of the vocal
organs

Phonetic alphabet
 Phoneticians
have had to devise their own
system of notation

IPA

ARPAbet
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Excitation Of The Speech
System
Phonation
 Whispering
 Frication
 Compression
 Vibration

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Articulatory phonetics

(consonants)
:
Categories
 Consonants: easy to define in anatomical terms

Point of articulation: this I the location of the principal constriction
in the vocal tract












Bilabial
Labiodental
Apicodental
Apicogingival
Apicoalveolar
Apicodomal
Laminoalveolar
Laminodomal
Centrodomal
Dorsovelar
Pharyngeal
Glottal
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…Consonants:

Manner of articulation: the degree constriction at
the point of articulation and the manner of release
into the following sound
Plosive
 Aspirated
 Affricative
 Fricative
 Lateral
 Semivowel
 Nasal
 Trill

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…Consonants:

Voicing: this indicates the presence or absence of
phonation
Voiced
 Unvoiced

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Articulatory phonetics
(vowels)
:
 Vowels: vowels are much less well defined than consonants,
this because tongue typically never touches another organ and
vowels described by
Tongue high or low
 Tongue front or back
 Lips rounded or unrounded
 Nasalized or unnasalized

 Diphthongs:
combined two vowel sound in
a single syllable by moving tongue from
one position to another
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Articulatory phonetics :
Diphthongs:
combined two vowel sound
in a single syllable by moving tongue
from one position to another
Coarticulation:
 No
speech sound is produced accurately in
the context of other sound
 Overlapping
of phonetic features from
phone to phone is termed coarticulation
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Phonemics :

Phonetics is a view of speech sounds
considered in isolation from any languages

Phonemics is the view from within some
specific language

Phonemes
 In
phonetics, an individual sound is a phone
 In
phonemics, the smallest unit is the
phoneme
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Phonemics (phonemes):

A phoneme is the smallest sound unit in a
given language that is sufficient to
differentiate one word from another

Example:
 In
English, Voicing is a feature which
distinguishes between two phonemes

‘bug’ contrast with ‘buck’
 In
some contexts voicing is not phonemics in
German

‘Tag’ can be pronounced either [ta:g] or [ta:k]
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Phonemics (phonemes):

The largest number of phoneme known is
45 in Chipewyan, the smallest is 13 in
Hawaiian

English has 31 to 64 and Persian has 29
to 45 phonemes, depending on how they
are analyzed
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Phonemics (Allophones):

A phoneme is actually a set of phonetically
similar sound which are accepted by the
speakers of the language as being the
same sound. Members of the set are
called allophones.

Example:
/k/ in “kin” and “cup”.
 The /k/ in “cope” and “scope”.
 The
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English Phonemes
uw ux uh ah ax ah-h aa ao ae eh
ih ix ey iy ay ow aw oy er axr el
Semi-vowels y r l el w
Vowels
Fricatives
jh ch s sh z zh f th v dh
Nasals
m n ng em en eng nx
Stops
b d g p t k dx q
bcl dcl gcl pcl tcl kcl
hv hh
Aspiration
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‫‪Parsian Phonemes‬‬
‫واكه ها‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪e‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫يه‪ ،‬ي‬
‫به‪،‬‬
‫و‬
‫و‬
‫و‪،‬‬
‫ا‪،‬آ‬
‫انفجاري ها‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ب‬
‫پ‬
‫‪p‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫ت‪ ،‬ط‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫ك‬
‫) ‪(k‬‬
‫ك‬
‫‪‬‬
‫گ‬
‫)‪(g‬‬
‫گ‬
‫‪G‬‬
‫ق‪،‬غ‬
‫ء‬
‫‪‬‬
‫)‪Parsian Phonemes (Cont’d‬‬
‫سايشي ها‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫ف‬
‫و‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪h‬‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ث‪ ،‬س‪ ،‬ص‬
‫ز‪ ،‬ذ‪ ،‬ض‪ ،‬ظ‬
‫ش‬
‫ژ‬
‫خ‬
‫هه‪ ،‬ه‪ ،‬ح‬
‫انفجاري سايشي ها‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫ج‬
‫چ‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫شبه واكه ها‬
‫ل‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫ر‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪m‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫‪j‬‬
‫م‬
‫ن‬
‫يه‪ ،‬ي‬
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