‫‪Reference Models‬‬
‫مدل های مرجع معماری‬
Table of Content
 What is a reference model? (10%)
 Two reference model samples
 OASIS SOA (10%)
 OSI reference model (3%)
 FEA reference model consisting of :
 Performance RM (16%)
 Business RM (13%)
 Service RM (10%)
 Technical RM (10%)
 Data RM (10% )
 Relating FEA reference models to each other (10%)
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What is a reference model?
 A reference model is an abstract framework
for understanding significant relationships
among the entities of some environment.
 Reference model consists of a minimal set of
unifying concepts, principals and
relationships within a particular problem
domain, and is independent of specific
standards, technologies, implementations, or
other concrete details.
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An abstraction hierarchy
Alignment to
specific
requirements
Concrete (actual) Architecture
Reference Architecture
Reference Model
Conceptualization
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An example on this abstraction
hierarchy : providing housing
 Reference Model
 Concepts : eating area, hygiene area, sleeping area
 Relationships: physical separation between eating
area and hygiene area
 Reference Architecture
 Bedroom , kitchen , WC , hallway
 There may be several reference architectures for one
reference models e.g. reference architecture for an
apartment , hotel rooms , a space station , …
 Concrete (actual) Architecture
 Blueprints for a specific house: where to put windows ,
their size, …
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OASIS SOA : a reference model for
SOA architectures
 Goal : to define the essence of service
oriented architecture, and emerge with a
vocabulary and a common understanding of
SOA.
 A basic definition of SOA :
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Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a
paradigm for organizing and utilizing
distributed capabilities that may be under the
control of different ownership domains.
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OASIS SOA Reference Model
Main Concepts
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OASIS SOA Reference Model
Relationships
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OSI Reference Model
 a layered
abstract
description for
communications
and computer
network protocol
design.
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FEA reference models
 The Federal Enterprise Architecture is an initiative
of the Office of Management and Budget that aims to
comply with the Clinger-Cohen Act and provide a
common methodology for information technology (IT)
acquisition in the United States federal government.
 Goals:
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ease sharing of information and resources across
federal agencies
reduce costs
improve citizen services
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Performance reference Model
 a standardized framework to
measure the performance of
major IT investments and
their contribution to program
performance
 Goals:
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improve strategic and daily
decision-making
Improve the alignment of
inputs to outputs and
outcomes
Identify performance
improvement opportunities
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PRM (cont ‘d)
 Six
Measurement
Areas
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PRM (cont ‘d)
 Measurement Areas
 Measurement Categories:
 Collections within each measurement area describing
the attribute or characteristic to be measured
 Measurement Groupings:
 Further refinement of categories into specific types of
measurement indicators
 Measurement Indicators:
 The specific measures, e.g., number and/or
percentage of customers satisfied
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PRM (cont ‘d)
 Mission and Business Results MA
Identifies the extent to which those purposes are being
achieved.
Customer Results MA
 captures how well an agency or specific process within an
agency is serving its customers—and ultimately citizens.
Processes and Activities MA
 captures key aspects of processes or activities required to
be monitored and/or improved.
Technology MA
 captures key elements of performance directly relating to the
IT initiative
Human Capital MA : under construction!
Other Fixed Assets MA : under construction!
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PRM (cont ‘d) – A piece of PRM table
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Business Reference Model
 Hierarchical construct
 Describing day-to-day
business operations of the
Federal government
 function-driven
 independent of the agencies
that perform them
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BRM (cont ‘d)
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BRM (cont ‘d)
 Services for citizens:
 high-level categories relating to the purpose of
government
 Mode of Delivery
 the mechanisms the government uses to achieve its
purpose
 Support Delivery of Services
 The support functions necessary to conduct
government operations
 Management of Government Resources
 the resource management functions that support all
areas of the government’s business
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BRM (cont ‘d) – sample piece of the
hierarchy
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Service Reference Model
 a business and performance-
driven, functional framework that
classifies Service Components with
respect to how they support
business and/or performance
objectives.
 The model aids in recommending
service capabilities to support the
reuse of business components and
services across the federal
government.
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SRM (cont ‘d)
 Service Domain
 provide a high-level view of the services and
capabilities that support enterprise and organizational
processes and applications
 differentiated by their business-oriented capability
 Service Type
 further categorize and define the capabilities of each
Domain
 Component
 provide the “building blocks’ to deliver the Component
capability to the business
 a self contained business process or service with
predetermined functionality that may be exposed
through a business or technology interface.
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SRM (cont ‘d)
 Customer
Preferences
Grouping
shown below
as an example
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Technical Reference Model
 a component-driven, technical
framework
 used to categorize the
standards, specifications, and
technologies that support and
enable the delivery of service
components and capabilities.
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TRM (cont ‘d)
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DRM
 intended to promote the common
identification, use, and appropriate sharing of
data/information across the federal
government through its standardization of
data in the following three areas:
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Data Context : define a standard approach
for agencies to categorize their data ,
enable the business context of data to be
well understood
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Subject Area
Super Type
Data Sharing : define a standard message
structure known as Information Exchange
Package
Data description : define a standard
approach to describing an agency ‘s data
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Data Object
Data Property
Data Representation
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An example
An organization within the federal government
provides services which contribute to the
health of citizens 
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Business Area = Services for Citizens
LoB (Line of Business) = Health
Subject Area = Health
Super Type = immunization
Data Object = vaccine
Data Property = type , weight , etc
Data Representation = plain text
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How DRM is used to enable
collaboration
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Organization A uses the DRM to
categorize its data (using the
BRM) into a business context.
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Organization B identifies
Organization A’s available data
through its business context.
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Organization A uses the DRM to
publish the detailed structure of
the actual data element (in
support of the business context).
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Organizations A and B determine
if, in fact, the data produced by
Organization A will meet the
needs of Organization B.
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Once Organizations A and B
determine that the data can be
re-used, the information
exchange package is used to
transmit the data.
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A reference Model for FEA Reference
Model! (relationships between XRMs)
 The LoB represents organizations that have a
common business or program interest.
 Subject Area = LoB from BRM
 Super Type = Sub-function of LoB from BRM
 In PRM:
MA
LoB
LoB
Measurement Area
LoB
sub-function
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Measurement Grouping
sub-function
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A reference Model for FEA Reference
Model! (relationships between XRMs)(cont)
 TRM provides a framework for categorizing
those technologies and standards that can be
used to exchange and deliver service
components (from SRM)
 DRM provides for a specific type of SOA in
which there is no action , only exchange of
information. Considering OASIS SOA :
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Information model is expressed using DRM
There exists no behavior model
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A reference Model for FEA Reference
Model! (relationships between XRMs)(cont)
BRM
DRM
PRM
SOA
SRM
TRM
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