Matakuliah
Tahun
: History of Animation
: 2009
The Phenomena of Persistance of Vision
Pertemuan 02
The MAGIC LANTERN
The magic lantern is the predecessor of the modern day
projector. It consisted of a translucent oil painting and a simple
lamp. When put together in a darkened room, the image
would appear larger on a flat surface. Athanasius Kircher spoke
about this originating from China in the 16th century. Some
slides for the lanterns contained parts that could be
mechanically actuated to present limited movement on the
screen.
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 First Projection Moving images on
public
 J. Stuart Blackton - "Humorous
phases of funny faces.“
 En Route - Emile Cohl -first paper
cutout animation
 Winsor McCay produced an
animation sequence comic strip "Little Nemo."
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How it works?
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The lamp
Reflector
Condensing lens
Lens tube
Body
Base
Smokestack
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Varieties of
Magic Lantern
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The Slides
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Peck and Snyder - 4.5 x 7 “
"English pattern" - 3.5 x 3.5 “
"French pattern" - 3.25 x 4 “
“Standard European size“- 3.25 x 3.25 “
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Application to The Present
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THAUMATROPE (1824)
A thaumatrope was a simple toy used in the Victorian era. A
thaumatrope is a small circular disk or card with two different
pictures on each side that was attached to a piece of string or a
pair of strings running through the centre. When the string is
twirled quickly between the fingers, the two pictures appear to
combine into a single image. The thaumatrope demonstrates
the Phi phenomenon, the brain's ability to persistently perceive
an image. Its invention is variously credited to Charles Babbage,
Peter Roget, or John Ayrton Paris, but Paris is known to have
used one to illustrate the Phi phenomenon in 1824 to the Royal
College of Physicians.
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PHENAKISTOSCOPE (1831)
A phenakistoscope disc by Eadweard Muybridge (1893).
The phenakistoscope was an early animation device, the
predecessor of the zoetrope. It was invented in 1831
simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian
Simon von Stampfer.
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THE KINETOSCOPE
is an early motion picture exhibition device. Though not a movie
projector—it was designed for films to be viewed individually through
the window of a cabinet housing its components—the Kinetoscope
introduced the basic approach that would become the standard for all
cinematic projection before the advent of video: it creates the illusion
of movement by conveying a strip of perforated film bearing
sequential images over a light source with a high-speed shutter. First
described in conceptual terms by U.S. inventor Thomas Edison in
1888, it was largely developed by his employee William Kennedy
Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. Dickson and his team at the
Edison lab also devised the Kinetograph, an innovative motion picture
camera with rapid intermittent, or stop-and-go, film movement, to
photograph movies for in-house experiments and, eventually,
commercial Kinetoscope presentations.
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In April 1894, the first commercial exhibition of motion pictures in
history was given in New York City, using ten Kinetoscopes.
Instrumental to the birth of American movie culture, the
Kinetoscope also had a major impact in Europe; its influence
abroad was magnified by Edison's decision not to seek
international patents on the device, facilitating numerous
imitations of and improvements on the technology. In 1895,
Edison introduced the Kinetophone, which joined the
Kinetoscope with a cylinder phonograph. Film projection, which
Edison initially disdained as financially nonviable, soon
superseded the Kinetoscope's individual exhibition model. Many
of the projection systems developed by Edison's firm in later years
would use the Kinetoscope name.
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