Matakuliah
Tahun
: Pengantar IT Governance
: Feb - 2010
IT Governance Archetypes
for allocating decision rights
Pertemuan ke-7 s/d 10
Governance Model
Three Major Components
• What decisions need to be made?
(Domains)
• Who has decision and/or input rights?
(Styles)
• How are the decisions formed and
enacted? (Mechanisms)
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What Decisions Need to be Made?
(Domains)
There are five major decisions domains
1. Principles
2. Infrastructure strategies
3. Architecture
4. Business application needs
5. Investment and prioritization
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Who has Decision & /or Input Rights?
(Styles)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Business Monarchy
IT Monarchy
Feudal
IT Duopoly
Federal
Anarchy
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Archetypes
To describe the combinations of people who have either
decision rights or input to IT decisions.
Archetypes could describe how your enterprise makes one
or more of the five keys IT decisions or provides input to the
decision makers.
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IT Governance Archetypes
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Key Players in IT Governance Archetypes
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Business Monarchy
In a business monarchy, senior business executives make
IT decisions affecting the entire enterprise.
Business monarchy rely on input for key decisions from
many sources
• A group of, or individual senior managers (SVP; VP;
Dean, Chair). Senior IT manager does not act
independently.
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IT Monarchy
IT Professionals make IT decisions.
Enterprises implement IT monarchies in many different
ways, often involving IT professionals from both
corporate teams and business units.
This group proposes architecture rules to the senior IT
management team. The senior IT management team
ensures the clarity of the rules and owns the
enforcement of architectural standards.
• Individuals or groups of IT senior managers.
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Feudal
• The feudal model is based on the traditional model
where the business unit make their own decisions,
optimizing their local needs.
• The feudal modal was not very common because most
enterprises were looking for synergies across business
units.
• Unit leaders, key process owners or their delegates.
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Federal
• The federal decision making model has a long tradition
in government.
• Federal arrangements attempt to balance the
responsiblities and accountability of multiple governing
bodies.
• Shared by HSC senior management and other
College/Unit senior management. May include senior IT
management.
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IT Duopoly
• IT Duopoly is a two party arrangement where decisions
represent a bilateral agreement between IT executives
and one other group (business unit).
• IT senior management and one other group, e. g., HSC
senior management or College/Unit senior management.
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Centralized
Business Lead
Six Styles of IT Governance
• Business monarchy
– Top Managers
Specifying the decision rights and
accountability framework to encourage
desirable behavior in the use of IT
• Federal
– Combination of corporate center and SBUs
• Feudal
– Each SBU makes independent decisions
• IT Duopoly
– IT group and one other group
• IT monarchy
Centralized
IT Lead
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– IT specialists
• Anarchy
– Isolated individual or small group decision makin
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IT
Principles
IT
Architecture
3
3
IT
Infrastructure
Business
Applications
IT Investment
and Priority
Business
Monarchy
3
2
3
IT
Monarchy
1
Feudal
2
2
1
Federal
1
Duopoly
Anarchy
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1
2
2
3
1
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Anarchy
• Anarchies are the bane of the existence of many IT
groups and are expensive to support and secure.
• Individual users or small groups of users.
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How the typical enterprise govern IT
Domains
Principles
Architecture
Infrastructure
Business
Applications
Input
Decision
Input
Decision
Input
Decision
Input
0
27
0
6
0
7
1
1
18
20
73
10
59
Feudal
0
3
0
0
1
Federal
83
14
4
Duopoly
15
36
46
34
Anarchy
0
0
0
Styles
Business
Monarchy
IT
Monarchy
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Decision
Investment &
Priorities
Input
Decision
12
1
30
0
8
0
9
2
1
18
0
3
59
6
81
15
30
23
17
1
0
1
0
30 93
27 6
3
0
27
30
1
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• Typical Governance arrangements for IT
Principles
• Typical Governance arrangements for IT
Architecture
• Typical Governance arrangements for IT
Infrastructure Strategies
• Typical Governance arrangements for IT
Business Application Needs.
• Typical Governance arrangements for IT
Investment and prioritization.
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Analyzing different governance patterns
across enterprises
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Strategic and performance goals
Organizational structure
Governance experience
Size and diversity
Industry and regional differences
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Key IT Governance Decisions
IT Principles Decisions
High-level statements about how IT is used in the business
IT Architecture
Decisions
IT Infrastructure
Decisions
IT Investment and
Prioritisation decisions
Organising logic for data,
applications, and infrastructure captured in a set of
policies, relationships, and
technical choices to achieve
desired business and
technical standardisation
And integration
Centrally co-ordinated, shared
IT services that provide the
foundation for the enterprise’s
IT capability.
Decisions about how much
and where to invest in IT,
including project approvals
and justification techniques.
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Business Applications
Needs
Specifying the business need
for purchasing or internally
developed IT applications.
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The Governance Model
The “Harmony ‘What-How’ Framework”
What
What
Governance
Arrangements
Strategy
How
How
Governance
Mechanisms
Desirable
Behaviors
What
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Performance
Goals
How
Metrics &
Accountabilities
What
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The Governance Model
The “Harmony ‘What-How’ Framework”
What
Governance
Arrangements
Strategy
How
Performance
Goals
How
Governance
Mechanisms
Desirable
Behaviors
Bina Nusantara University
What
What
How
Metrics &
Accountabilities
What
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Industry & Regional Differences in IT
Governance
• Many factors influence governance requirements :
– Industry
– Region
– And so on
• Industry differences :
– For profit vs Not-for-profit and Government sectors
– Financial services
– And so on
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• Region differences :
– European firms vs Asia-Pacific firms
– European firms vs American firms.
– And so on
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LJMU Federal Governance Model Continuing)
Monitoring
Compliance
Review
Information
Management
Steering Group
Business Membership
Business
Applications
Needs
Architecture
Principles
Infrastructure
IT
Membership
Development
Programme
IT Steering Group
Business Membership
Business Membership
Investment & prioritisation
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LJMU Governance Membership
• 7 members of the LJMU Senior Management team,
out of a total of 16
• School Directors
• Service Directors – Library, Estates, HR
• Admin/project/resource managers
• All ICT Senior Managers
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What Can Governance Do
For You?
• Get buy-in across the board
• Do it with them, even if they don’t do it to themselves
• Change behaviour, not just technology
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EA & Governance
• Executive buy-in to EA approach
– Within LJMU Governance structure, Architecture already identified as
responsibility of Information Management Steering Group
• Demonstrate value of EA approach
– ‘burning platform’ required, provided by existing Student Experience
Review initiative
• Visibility
– Exposes Senior Management to EA approaches
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Selling EA & Governance
• Speak the language of the business
– Or something as close as you can get
• It’s all about value
– The business has to see that this will promote better IS
decision-making to support the business better
• Show them pictures
– Not like I’ve been doing in this presentation…
– EA development will provide the pictures
– See JISC SOA animation
http://www.jisc.ac.uk/whatwedo/programmes/programme_
eframework/soa.aspx
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Selling EA & Governance
• Business value:
– Business wants to know how to analyse staffing requirements
in light of increasing self-service
– ‘As Is’ Architecture – self-service capability mapped to
business processes as of now
– ‘To Be’ Architecture – self-service capability mapped to
business processes in light of move to Campus Solutions
• Giving a visual representation that addresses the business
problem
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So, Governance…
What is it ?
Why do you want it?
How can you get it?
What will you do with it when you’ve got it?
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Quiz
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