Matakuliah : L0472/Psikologi Forensik
Tahun
: Feb - 2010
Techniques of Criminal Investigation I
Pertemuan 03
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Profile Analysis
• Educated attempt to provide specific information about a certain type of
suspect and a biographical sketch of behavioral patterns and tendencies.
• Studying crimes scenes from a psychological point of view provides clues to
the personality type(s) of the offender(s).
• Aimed to set-up priorities and differentiate between myth and fact.
• Still at the crossroads between art or science:
popularity stems from films and television and a few well publicized cases.
can it be an efficient investigative technique?
can it be studied scientifically?
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Types of forensic profiles
• Actuarial or statistical approach
A profile generalized from behavioral and demographic
characteristics shared by other criminals. Product of statistical
characteristics and generalization.
Ex: 80% of all serial killers that attack college students in parking lots are
white males, age 20-35, who live with their mother and drive Volkswagen
vans.
Our offender has attacked three female students in parking lots.
Therefore our offender is a white male, age 20-35, who lives with his mother
and drive a VW van...
• Assumptions
Individual behavior and motivation can be predicted from the
study of individuals who share similar behaviors and motivations.
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Types of forensic profiles (con’d)
• Case-study approach
A profile that is deduced from the careful forensic examination and behavioral
reconstruction of a single offender’s crime scene(s).
• Assumptions
Each offense shows its own unique behavioral and motivational patterns.
Each individual develops uniquely in response to environmental and biological
factors.
Led to the development of concepts like Modus Operandi and Signature.
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The profiler’s dictionary:
• Modus Operandi (standard procedure)
Behaviors committed by the offender during the commission of the crime which
are necessary to complete the crime.
Can vary as the offender becomes more experienced
• MO ensures success, protect identity, offer escape: dynamic
• Signature
Behaviors the offender has to do to fulfill an emotional need or a fantasy.
Thematic nature, it tends to be more stable over time.
• Needs of the offender: often ritualized
ex: staging, overkill, bondage, etc.
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The profiler’s dictionary: (con’d)
• The NASH classification
mode of death: natural, accidental, suicide, homicide
• Mass murder, spree murder and serial murder:
Mass : anything more than 3 victims in one location and within one event.
Spree: killing at 2 or more locations with no emotional cooling off period between
homicides.
Serial: three or more separate events with a cooling off period between
homicides
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Types of Multiple Killers
Mass Spree Serial
# of victims
3+
2+
3+
# of events
1
1
3+
# of locations
1
1+
3+
Cooling-off period no
no
yes
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Serial Killing
•
Hunting grounds for serial killers:
1. sin strips
2. gay bars or single bars
3. skid row areas
4. college campuses
•
“Sites and zones”
1. VICTIM'S LAST KNOWN LOCATION
2. COMFORT ZONE (activity spaces, hunting grounds, stalking sites)
3. BUFFER ZONE (offender's residential location)
4. ATTACK SITE (edge of comfort zone; actual crime scene)
5. HOLDING SITE (sometimes used)
6. VEHICLE DISPOSAL SITE
7. PROPERTY DISPOSAL SITE
8. BODY DUMP SITE or DISPOSAL ZONE
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Most frequently selected victims
[Hickey (2002; 399 serial killers)]
Strangers (70%)
1. College students,
prostitutes
2. Little boys and girls
3. Hitchhikers
4. People at home
5. Handicapped people
6. Store-owners,
landlords
7. People walking street
8. Older women
9. Police officers
10. Derelicts/transients
11. People responding to
Acquaintances (20%)
1. Friends and neighbours
2. Girlfriends and
boyfriends
3. Waitresses and
prostitutes
4. Co-workers
5. Landlords, employers,
guards
6. Gang members
7. Patients
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Family (10%)
1. Own children
2. Husbands
3. Wives
4. In-laws
5. Nephews, nieces
6. Own mother
7. Sibling
8. Grandparents
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Male Serial Killers (Hickey, 2002):
Methods
• 1. Firearms mainly (41%)
• 2. Suffocation (37%)
• 3. Stabbing (34%)
• 4. Bludgeoning (26%)
• 5. Firearms only (19%)
• 6. Poison (11%)
• 7. Drowning (3%)
• 8. Other (2%)
Motives
• 1. Sex (55%)
• 2. Control (29%)
• 3. Money (19%)
• 4. Enjoyment (16%)
• 5. Racism and hatred (11%)
• 6. Mental problems (6%)
• 7. Cult-inspired (5%)
• 8. Attention (2%)
*) Hickey (2002) studied 399 serial killers and
found the following rank order of the most frequently used methods and motives
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Female Serial Killers (Hickey, 2002):
Methods
• 1. Poison (80%)
• 2. Shooting (20%)
• 3. Bludgeoning (16%)
• 4. Suffocation (16%)
• 5. Stabbing (11%)
•
Motives
•
•
•
•
•
6. Drowning (5%)
1. Money (74%)
2. Control (13%)
3. Enjoyment (11%)
4. Sex (10%)
5. Drugs, cult involvement, cover up, or
feelings of inadequacy (24%)
The above data is account for only 8% of all American serial killers,
but American females account for 76% of all female serial killers worldwide.
Hickey's (2002) subsample of 62 females out of 399 serial killers
used the following methods and motives.
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General Serial Killer Profile
Childhood
•
•
•
•
•
Unstable home (37%)
Absence of loving and nurturing relationship
Physical ailments and disabilities
Head injuries
MacDonald Triad:
– bed wetting
– fire starting
– animal torture
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Categorizing the Serial Killer
• Killer
• Motive
– sex, race, age
– IQ
– psychopathology
• Crime Scene
–
–
–
–
– sex
– power
– financial gain
• Victim
type of weapon
use of torture
attempt to hide body
location
– sex, race, age
– occupation
– personality
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Suicide Bombing
is Motivated by Religion
Myth or Fact?
Let Actuarial Approach Answer It!
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Is Suicide Bombing Motivated by Religion?
• The LTTE, is a radical Tamil (ethnic)
organization.
• The Fatah is predominantly a
nationalist organization.
• The ideology of the Kurdish PKK is
Marxist Leninist.
• Suicide Bombing is not solely a
religious (esp. Islamic) phenomenon.
90
89
80
70
70
60
50
40
42
35
30
34
29
28
23
20
17
10
16
0
LTTE
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Hamas
PIJ
Fatah
Hizballah
Iraqi Chechens Al-Qaida
Terrorists
PKK
Al-Qaida
Affiliated
Groups
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Laporan Organisasi Penegak Hukum Uni Eropa (2006)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dari 498 aksi teroris sepanjang 2006 di negara-negara Uni Eropa, hanya satu yang
berkaitan dengan kelompok Islam.
Peristiwa itu pun gagal karena bom dalam tas jinjing tidak sempat meledak di kereta listrik
Jerman.
Anehnya, media Barat yang selama ini gencar memberitakan masalah terorisme tidak
berminat memberitakan laporan tersebut.
Mayoritas serangan teroris dilakukan oleh kelompok-kelompok separatis dengan sasaran
Perancis dan Spanyol.
Selebihnya, dilakukan oleh kelompok-kelompok anarki dan kiri di Jerman, Yunani, Italia,
dan Spanyol.
Ironisnya, lebih kurang separuh dari 706 orang yang ditangkap terkait dengan kelompok
teroris yang membawa bendera Islam. Jumlah terbesar ditangkap di Perancis, Spanyol,
Italia, dan Belanda.
Kompas, 30-4-2007
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TE-SAT Euro Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (Europol, 2008)
Arrests in 2006 and 2007 per member state and affiliation (27 countries)
600
500
400
300
2006
2007
200
100
0
Islamist
Sprtist
Left Wing Rght Wng
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Single
Issue
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TE-SAT Euro Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (Europol, 2008)
Arrests in 2006 and 2007 per member state and affiliation (27 countries)
900
800
700
600
500
Islam
Non-Islam
400
300
200
100
257
449
201
843
0
2006
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