Matakuliah
Tahun
: Psikologi Diagnostik
: 2010
Objective Assessment of Personality II
Pertemuan 2
Trait Theory of Personality
• A trait is any readily-identifiable, stable quality that
characterizes an individual from other individuals
• Traits serve three major functions:
– To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s
conduct
• A predisposition to respond in a particular way to a
broad range of situations
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Basic Assumptions
• Traits present specific ideas about a person’s
disposition (the way a person is likely to behave
across situations as well as over time)
• Individuals can be characterized in terms of relatively
enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions
• Traits can be quantitatively assessed
• Traits show some degree of cross situational
consistency
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Theorists
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Gordon Allport
Raymond B. Cattell
Hans J. Eyesnck *
Paul T. Costa & Robert R. McCrae *
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Hans J. Eysenck
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Focused on higher levels of trait organization called types
• Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits); Each trait
incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits)
• Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped
under three dimensions:
– Extraversion characterizes people based on their orientation
toward external sources of stimulations from the environment
versus an orientation inward at the opposite extreme.
– Psychotism includes a disposition toward psychosis and a
degree of sociopathy.
– Neuroticism is basically a measure of emotional stabilityinstability.
• Eysenck Personality Scales : EPQ-R and EPP
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R)
• Contains 100 items to measure the three personality dimensions of
extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, as well as the lie scale.
• A dichotomous response format “Yes” or “No.”
• Examples of items are:
– Extraversion “Do you like telling jokes and funny stories to your friends?”
(positively scored item). “Do you prefer reading to meeting people?”
(negatively scored item).
– Neuroticism “Are you a worrier?” (positively scored item).
– Psychoticism “Do you enjoy hurting people you love?” (positivelyscored
item). Would it upset you a lot to see a child or an animal suffer? (negatively
scored item).
– Social Desirability (L) “Are you always willing to admit when you have made
a mistake?” (positively scored item). “Have you ever cheated at a game?”
(negatively scored item).
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Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP)
• Like the EPQ-R, the EPP measures the three main personality
dimensions of E, N, and P and has a lie scale
• EPP uses facet scales to measure each of the main dimensions.
The three main dimensions and their facets are (with three-letter
abbreviations in parentheses):
– Extraversion: Activity (ACT), Sociability (SOC), Assertiveness (ASS),
Expressiveness (EXP), Ambition (AMB), Dogmatism (DOG),
Aggressiveness (AGG).
– Neuroticism: Inferiority (INF), Unhappiness (UNH), Anxiety (ANX),
Dependence (DEP), Hypochondria (HYP), Guilt (GUI), Obsessiveness
(OBS).
– Psychoticism: Risk-Taking (RIS), Impulsivity (IMP), Irresponsibility
(IRR), Manipulativeness (MAN), SensationSeeking (SEN), ToughMindedness (TOU), Practicality (PRA).
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The Big Five Personality Traits
• Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness,
and Conscientiousness
• The study of language
– Clusters of associated words used to describe personality
characteristics
• The study of personality questionnaires and ratings
– Factors indicated on surveys
– Five Factor Model (FFM)
Differences Between the Big
Five and the Five Factor Model
• Five Factor Model is an interpretation of Big
Five Factors
– FFM asserts that we can describe personality in terms of five
broad categories, each of which includes specific attributes
– Suggests differences among people in these dimensions are
• Stable
• Genetic
• Due to internal mechanism
• Applications of the Big Five and The Five Factor Model and
Theory: Job performance, job satisfaction, personality
disorders, determines types of therapy
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The Five Factor Model : Measure
The NEO Personality Inventory - Revised (NEO PI-R)
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Measures five broad domains (factors) and 30 narrower facets
(6 subtraits comprise each of the BIG 5 domains)
Each facet is measured by 8 items
Scales have good reliability and validity across different data
sources (e.g., ratings by peers or spouses)
NEO-PI-R correlated with other BIG 5 measures
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