Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 1
Supplemental Data
This document presents additional information for
Opinions on Kampo and reasons for using it – Results from a cross-sectional survey in three
Japanese clinics
Lydia Hottenbacher; Thorolf E.R. Weißhuhn; Kenji Watanabe; Takashi Seki; Julia Ostermann;
Claudia M. Witt
Table of Content
Table 1: Current and recent diseases .................................................................................... 2
Table 2: Prevention and generally preferred treatment .......................................................... 3
Table 3: Preferred treatments for specified diseases/symptoms ............................................ 3
Table 4: Opinions about Kampo and Western medicine ......................................................... 7
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 2
Table 1: Current and recent diseases
Disease Category
All
Kampo/CM
% (n)
% (n)
Reason for Current Consultation (354 answering patients)
Neurologic/Psychiatric *
21.2 (75)
29.1 (27)
Cardiovascular
14.4 (51)
10.8 (10)
Pain
14.1 (50)
23.7 (22)
Allergy/Dermatological
11.9 (42)
8.6 (8)
Gastroenterologic
11.6 (41)
8.6 (8)
Metabolic
9.0 (32)
7.5 (7)
Gynaecologic
7.3 (26)
7.5 (7)
Pulmologic
6.5 (23)
5.4 (5)
Hi’e-sho **
5.6 (20)
3.2 (3)
Cancer
3.1 (11)
3.2 (3)
Rheumatologic
2.5 (9)
4.3 (4)
Opthalmologic
2.0 (8)
7.5 (7)
Nephrologic/Urologic
1.6 (7)
5.4 (5)
Other
14.4 (51)
16.1 (15)
Current Chronic Diseases (178 answering patients)
Cardiovascular
11.3 (40)
7.5 (7)
Neurologic/Psychiatric *
8.2 (29)
18.3 (17)
Allergy/Dermatological
7.9 (28)
4.3 (4)
Metabolic
6.5 (23)
7.5 (7)
Gastroenterologic
6.5 (23)
7.5 (7)
Pulmologic
5.1 (18)
4.3 (4)
Pains
3.4 (12)
5.4 (5)
Rheumatologic
3.4 (12)
3.2 (3)
Gynaecologic
2.8 (10)
3.2 (3)
Opthalmologic
2.8 (10)
7.5 (7)
Nephrologic/Urologic
1.7 (6)
0.0 (0)
Other
5.9 (21)
4.3 (4)
Severe Diseases in the Last Five Years (76 answering patients)
Gynaecologic
4.5 (16)
1.1 (1)
Neurologic/Psychiatric *
3.1 (11)
8.6 (8)
Gastroenterologic
2.8 (10)
6.4 (6)
Cardiovascular
2.5 (9)
3.2 (3)
Nephrologic/Urologic
2.5 (9)
2.2 (2)
Pulmologic
2.0 (7)
3.2 (3)
Opthalmologic
1.7 (6)
6.4 (6)
Metabolic
1.4 (5)
2.2 (2)
Rheumatologic
1.1 (4)
1.1 (1)
Other
3.1 (11)
2.2 (2)
History of Mental Disorder (40 answering patients)
Any Disorder
11.3 (40)
3.2 (3)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
18.4 (25)
22.8 (31)
6.6 (9)
10.3 (14)
5.1 (7)
16.2 (22)
3.7 (5)
9.6 (13)
0.7 (1)
0.7 (1)
0.0 (0)
0.0 (0)
0.0 (0)
11.8 (16)
18.4 (23)
8.0 (10)
15.2 (19)
16.0 ( 20)
20.8 (26)
2.4 (3)
11.2 (14)
11.2 (5)
12.8 (16)
5.6 (7)
4.0 (5)
0.8 (1)
1.6 (2)
16.0 (20)
16.9 (23)
1.5 (2)
5.8 (8)
7.4 (10)
2.9 (4)
6.6 (9)
3.7 (5)
0.7 (1)
1.5 (2)
0.7 (1)
0.7 (1)
2.2 (3)
8.0 (10)
8.0 (10)
12.8 (16)
4.8 (6)
9.6 (12)
4.0 (5)
1.6 (2)
6.4 (8)
4.0 (5)
1.6 (2)
4.0 (5)
11.2 (14)
0.7 (1)
0.0 (0)
0.7 (1)
2.9 (4)
1.5 (2)
2.2 (3)
0.0 (0)
2.2 (3)
0.0 (0)
1.5 (2)
11.2 (14)
2.4 (3)
2.4 (3)
1.6 (2)
4.0 (5)
0.8 (1)
0.0 (0)
0.0 (0)
2.4 (3)
5.6 (7)
16.2 (22)
12.0 (15)
Multiple answers possible; percent of valid answers per clinic. CM (traditional) Chinese medicine.
* Category includes very heterogeneous diagnoses such as vertigo, multiple sclerosis, or
depression. ** Oversensitivity to cold syndrome, see text.
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 3
Table 2: Prevention and generally preferred treatment
Behaviour
Prevention Strategies *
Diet
Exercise
Sleep
Stress Reduction
Other **
Generally Preferred Treatment
Western + Kampo
Western
Kampo
All
% (n)
Kampo/CM
% (n)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
37.3 (132)
33.3 (118)
12.4 (44)
5.4 (19)
21.5 (76)
38.7 (36)
33.3 (31)
8.6 (8)
5.4 (5)
14.0 (13)
26.5 (36)
27.2 (37)
7.4 (10)
2.9 (4)
19.1 (26)
40.0 (60)
48.0 (50)
20.8 (26)
8.0 (10)
29.6 (37)
54.4 (179)
31.3 (103)
14.3 (47)
52.2 (47)
27.8 (25)
20.0 (18)
54.7 (64)
37.6 (44)
7.7 (9)
55.7 (68)
27.9 (34)
16.4 (20)
Percent of valid answers per clinic. * Multiple answers possible. ** Includes a frequently stated
healthy lifestyle, and hygienic measures such as washing hands, or gargling (a Japanese custom
to avoid diseases: rinsing out dust and dirt upon returning home). CM (traditional) Chinese
medicine. “Western” = “conventional” Western biomedicine.
Table 3: Preferred treatments for specified diseases/symptoms
Ailment
All
Kampo/CM
% (n)
% (n)
Addiction (Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs)
Western
9.1 (28)
7.1 (6)
Kampo
10.1 (31)
5.9 (5)
Both Combined
30.5 (94)
34.1 (29)
Don’t Know
50.3 (155)
52.9 (45)
Allergy
Western
6.8 (21)
4.8 (4)
Kampo
34.7 (108)
37.3 (31)
Both Combined 38.6 (120)
34.9 (29)
Don’t Know
19.9 (62)
22.9 (19)
Anaemia
Western
12.0 (37)
11.9 (10)
Kampo
22.7 (70)
21.4 (18)
Both Combined 32.8 (101)
33.3 (28)
Don’t Know
32.5(100)
33.3 (28)
Asthma
Western
14.0 (44)
10.6 (9)
Kampo
13.7 (43)
15.3 (13)
Both Combined 43.6 (137)
43.5 (37)
Don’t Know
28.7 (90)
30.6 (26)
Bronchitis
Western
17.6 (55)
11.8 (10)
Kampo
12.5 (39)
16.5 (14)
Both Combined 41.5 (130)
42.4 (36)
Don’t Know
28.4 (89)
29.4 (25)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
10.2 (12)
7.6 (9)
27.1 (32)
55.1 (65)
9.5 (10)
16.2 (17)
31.4 (33)
42.9 (45)
10.0 (12)
29.2 (35)
39.2 (47)
21.7 (26)
4.6 (5)
38.9 (42)
40.7 (44)
15.7 (17)
13.7 (16)
17.1 (20)
33.3 (39)
35.9 (42)
10.3 (11)
29.9 (32)
31.8 (34)
28.0 (30)
15.7 (19)
11.6 (14)
43.8 (53)
28.9 (35)
14.8 (16)
14.8 (16)
43.5 (47)
26.9 (29)
24.4 (29)
8.4 (10)
37.0 (44)
30.3 (36)
14.7 (16)
13.8 (15)
45.9 (50)
25.7 (28)
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 4
Ailment
All
% (n)
Cancer (Any Kind)
Western
26.7 (83)
Kampo
1.9 (6)
Both Combined 40.2 (125)
Don’t Know
31.2 (97)
Colds
Western
18.8 (59)
Kampo
19.8 (62)
Both Combined 45.0 (141)
Don’t Know
16.3 (51)
Cystitis
Western
19.9 (63)
Kampo
12.3 (39)
Both Combined
30.9 (98)
Don’t Know
36.9 (117)
Depression
Western
7.3 (23)
Kampo
15.0 (47)
Both Combined 42.5 (133)
Don’t Know
35.1 (110)
Diabetes
Western
17.1 (54)
Kampo
10.8 (34)
Both Combined 37.8 (119)
Don’t Know
34.3 (108)
Digestive Disorders
Western
5.1 (16)
Kampo
36.4 (115)
Both Combined 39.2 (124)
Don’t Know
19.3 (61)
Disturbed Sleep
Western
6.3 (20)
Kampo
30.7 (97)
Both Combined 36.7 (116)
Don’t Know
26.3 (83)
Gastric Ulcers
Western
21.5 (66)
Kampo
9.4 (29)
Both Combined 37.8 (116)
Don’t Know
31.3 (96)
Gynaecological Problems
Western
6.7 (21)
Kampo
27.5 (86)
Both Combined 37.1 (116)
Don’t Know
28.8 (90)
Hay Fever
Western
6.6 (21)
Kampo
31.6 (100)
Both Combined 39.6 (125)
Don’t Know
22.2 (70)
Kampo/CM
% (n)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
27.9 (24)
2.3 (2)
39.5 (34)
30.2 (26)
28.0 (33)
1.7 (2)
35.6 (42)
34.7 (41)
24.3 (26)
1.9 (2)
45.8 (49)
28.0 (30)
11.8 (10)
22.4 (19)
45.9 (39)
20.0 (17)
22.7 (27)
14.3 (17)
42.0 (50)
21.0 (25)
20.2 (22)
23.9 (26)
47.7 (52)
8.3 (9)
16.3 (14)
14.0 (12)
32.6 (28)
37.2 (32)
25.0 (30)
10.0 (12)
28.3 (34)
36.7 (44)
17.1 (19)
13.5 (15)
32.4 (36)
36.9 (41)
5.9 (5)
12.9 (11)
42.4 (36)
38.8 (33)
9.2 (11)
13.3 (16)
37.5 (45)
40.0 (48)
6.5 (7)
18.5 (20)
48.1 (52)
26.9 (29)
19.5 (17)
11.5 (10)
34.5 (30)
34.5 (30)
18.5 (22)
8.4 (10)
37.0 (44)
36.1 (43)
13.8 (15)
12.8 (14)
41.3 (45)
32.1 (35)
3.5 (3)
30.2 (26)
43.0 (37)
23.3 (20)
8.3 (10)
30.0 (36)
37.5 (45)
24.2 (29)
2.7 (3)
48.2 (53)
38.2 (42)
10.9 (12)
3.5 (3)
33.7 (29)
33.7 (29)
29.1 (25)
7.5 (9)
25.8 (31)
38.3 (46)
28.3 (34)
7.3 (8)
33.6 (37)
37.3 (41)
21.8 (24)
22.9 (19)
10.8 (9)
38.6 (32)
27.7 (23)
26.3 (31)
6.8 (8)
33.1 (39)
33.9 (40)
15.1 (16)
11.3 (12)
42.5 (45)
31.1 (33)
8.3 (7)
28.6 (24)
33.3 (28)
29.8 (25)
10.0 (12)
25.0 (30)
32.5 (39)
32.5 (39)
1.8 (2)
29.4 (32)
45.0 (49)
23.9 (26)
4.8 (4)
32.1 (27)
35.7 (30)
27.4 (23)
9.1 (11)
29.8 (36)
37.2 (45)
24.0 (29)
5.4 (6)
33.3 (37)
45.0 (50)
16.2 (18)
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 5
Ailment
All
% (n)
Hi’e-sho *
Western
1.6 (5)
Kampo
64.0 (203)
Both Combined
18.3 (58)
Don’t Know
15.8 (50)
High Blood pressure
Western
17.4 (55)
Kampo
17.1 (54)
Both Combined 34.2 (108)
Don’t Know
31.3 (99)
Kidney Disorders
Western
16.8 (52)
Kampo
10.4 (32)
Both Combined 37.5 (116)
Don’t Know
35.3 (109)
Low Back Pain
Western
7.9 (25)
Kampo
25.2 (80)
Both Combined 38.5 (122)
Don’t Know
28.4 (90)
Low Blood pressure
Western
12.5 (39)
Kampo
22.7 (71)
Both Combined
31.0 (97)
Don’t Know
33.9 (106)
Migraine/Headache
Western
14.0 (44)
Kampo
22.9 (72)
Both Combined 34.4 (108)
Don’t Know
28.7 (90)
Muscular Problem/Disease
Western
8.3 (26)
Kampo
18.8 (59)
Both Combined 37.3 (117)
Don’t Know
35.7 (112)
Neuralgia
Western
7.4 (23)
Kampo
24.3 (75)
Both Combined 34.3 (106)
Don’t Know
34.0 (105)
Obesity
Western
3.2 (10)
Kampo
29.6 (92)
Both Combined
28.3 (88)
Don’t Know
38.9 (121)
Pneumonia
Western
37.1 (116)
Kampo
4.5 (14)
Both Combined
28.1 (88)
Don’t Know
30.4 (95)
Kampo/CM
% (n)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
0.0 (0)
67.1 (57)
18.8 (16)
14.1 (12)
3.4 (4)
51.7 (61)
18.6 (22)
26.3 (31)
0.9 (1)
75.2 (85)
17.7 (20)
6.2 (7)
17.2 (15)
18.4 (16)
31.0 (27)
33.3 (29)
20.8 (25)
13.3 (16)
32.5 (39)
33.3 (40)
13.8 (15)
20.2 (22)
38.5 (42)
27.5 (30)
15.5 (13)
13.1 (11)
34.5 (29)
36.9 (31)
21.7 (25)
6.1 (7)
34.8 (40)
37.4 (43)
12.7 (14)
12.7 (14)
42.7 (47)
31.8 (35)
5.9 (5)
29.4 (25)
40.0 (34)
24.7 (21)
11.0 (13)
16.1 (19)
37.3 (44)
35.6 (42)
6.1 (7)
31. (36)
38.6 (44)
23.7 (27)
12.9 (11)
20.0 (17)
32.9 (28)
34.1 (29)
17.6 (21)
17.6 (21)
29.4 (35)
35.3 (42)
6.4 (7)
30.3 (33)
31.2 (34)
32.1 (35)
4.7 (4)
30.2 (26)
37.2 (32)
27.9 (24)
17.6 (21)
15.1 (18)
31.1 (37)
36.1 (43)
17.4 (19)
25.7 (28)
35.8 (39)
21.1 (23)
2.3 (2)
20.9 (18)
46.5 (40)
30.2 (26)
13.4 (16)
12.6 (15)
31.9 (38)
42.0 (50)
7.3 (8)
23.9 (26)
35.8 (39)
33.0 (36)
2.3 (2)
33.7 (29)
37.2 (32)
26.7 (23)
11.1 (13)
15.4 (18)
31.6 (37)
41.9 (49)
7.5 (8)
26.4 (28)
34.9 (37)
31.1 (33)
4.7 (4)
25.9 (22)
28.2 (24)
41.2 (35)
3.3 (4)
29.2 (35)
29.2 (35)
38.3 (46)
1.9 (2)
33.0 (35)
27.4 (29)
37.7 (40)
34.1 (29)
4.7 (4)
25.9 (22)
35.3 (30)
39.5 (47)
3.4 (4)
26.1 (31)
31.1 (37)
36.7 (40)
5.5 (6)
32.1 (35)
25.7 (28)
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 6
Ailment
All
% (n)
Rheumatism
Western
7.4 (23)
Kampo
18.6 (58)
Both Combined 35.6 (111)
Don’t Know
38.5 (120)
Shoulder Stiffness
Western
3.4 (11)
Kampo
42.1 (136)
Both Combined
29.1 (94)
Don’t Know
25.4 (82)
Skin Disorders
Western
13.2 (41)
Kampo
21.9 (68)
Both Combined 39.2 (122)
Don’t Know
25.7 (80)
Stress/Anxiety
Western
2.2 (7)
Kampo
34.1 (109)
Both Combined 42.5 (136)
Don’t Know
21.3 (68)
Kampo/CM
% (n)
Integrative
% (n)
Kampo
% (n)
4.8 (4)
16.7 (14)
42.9 (36)
35.7 (30)
9.3 (11)
17.8 (21)
30.5 (36)
42.4 (50)
7.3 (8)
20.9 (23)
35.5 (39)
36.4 (40)
2.4 (2)
45.9 (39)
30.6 (26)
21.2 (18)
6.6 (8)
33.6 (41)
27.9 (34)
32.0 (39)
0.9 (1)
48.3 (56)
29.3 (34)
21.6 (25)
14.3 (12)
16.7 (14)
41.7 (35)
27.4 (23)
16.9 (20)
20.3 (24)
33.1 (39)
29.7 (35)
5.4 (9)
33.3 (30)
45.0 (48)
16.2 (22)
0.0 (0)
34.5 (30)
43.7 (38)
21.8 (19)
5.0 (6)
27.3 (33)
39.7 (48)
28.1 (34)
0.9 (1)
41.1 (46)
44.6 (50)
13.4 (15)
Percent of valid answers per clinic. CM (traditional) Chinese medicine. ”Western” = “conventional”
Western biomedicine. * Oversensitivity to cold syndrome, see text.
Kampo survey, Supplemental Data — 7
Table 4: Opinions about Kampo and Western medicine
Statement
It is important to perceive the whole patient
Diseases are the result of the body being out of
balance
Kampo will probably spread further in the future
Kampo activates self-regulating forces
Kampo is a more natural form of healing than
Western medicine
Kampo herbs in food are good for the body
Kampo perceives the whole patient
I think Kampo is effective
I think Western medicine is effective
Western medicine drugs have unfavourable side
effects
I am satisfied with Kampo
The concept of Yin and Yang is true *
The concept of Wu Xing (Five Phases) is true *
Doctors practicing Western medicine do not take
enough time for their patients
Kampo is rooted in Japan and therefore suitable for
treating Japanese
The philosophy of Kampo is totally different from
Western medicine
I am satisfied with Western medicine
Doctors practicing Western medicine do not listen
well to their patients
Doctors practicing Western medicine are difficult to
talk to
Appointments at a Kampo outpatient clinic are
easier to obtain
Kampo drugs do not have any side effects
Kampo has an effect on certain diseases only
It is very unpleasant to take Kampo drugs
Kampo is old-fashioned
All
Mean±SD
(Median)
4.46±0.87
(5)
4.43±0.72
(5)
4.13±0.83
(4)
4.09±0.84
(4)
4.09±0.77
(4)
3.99±0.78
(4)
3.96±0.93
(4)
3.88±0.77
(4)
3.83±0.82
(4)
3.78±0.87
(4)
3.77±0.83
(4)
3.61±0.90
(4)
3.54±0.97
(3)
3.39±0.89
(3)
3.38±1.08
(3)
3.33±0.89
(3)
3.31±0.84
(3)
3.09±1.08
(3)
3.08±1.01
(3)
2.96±0.82
(3)
2.74±0.97
(3)
2.71±1.05
(3)
2.07±1.12
(2)
1.86±1.02
(2)
Kampo/CM
Mean±SD
(Median)
4.55±0.86
(5)
4.49±0.71
(5)
4.30±0.85
(5)
4.25±0.96
(4)
4.14±0.81
(4)
4.01±0.89
(4)
4.24±0.87
(4)
3.98±0.72
(4)
3.83±0.79
(4)
3.76±0.79
(4)
3.91±0.83
(4)
3.64±0.87
(4)
3.59±0.87
(3)
3.21±0.98
(3)
3.44±1.10
(3)
3.34±0.92
(3)
3.26±0.91
(3)
3.00±1.23
(3)
2.98±0.98
(3)
2.90±0.95
(3)
2.85±0.94
(3)
2.70±1.30
(3)
2.17±1.24
(2)
1.90±1.15
(1)
Integrative
Mean±SD
(Median)
4.24±0.98
(5)
4.24±0.77
(4)
3.76±0.72
(4)
3.69±0.76
(4)
3.90±0.73
(4)
3.88±0.76
(4)
3.48±0.79
(3)
3.65±0.72
(4)
3.69±0.82
(4)
3.64±0.83
(4)
3.52±0.73
(3)
3.47±0.86
(3)
3.41±1.12
(3)
3.37±0.83
(3)
3.22±0.87
(3)
3.28±0.72
(3)
3.39±0.75
(3)
2.88±0.98
(3)
2.96±1.00
(3)
3.01±0.47
(3)
2.94±0.88
(3)
2.86±0.82
(3)
2.20±1.06
(2)
2.05±0.93
(2)
Kampo
Mean±SD
(Median)
4.63±0.71
(5)
4.59±0.61
(5)
4.37±0.80
(5)
4.39±0.65
(4)
4.24±0.76
(4)
4.09±0.70
(4)
4.25±0.90
(4)
4.05±0.79
(4)
3.98±0.82
(4)
3.93±0.93
(4)
3.92±0.88
(4)
3.69±0.94
(4)
3.58±0.97
(3)
3.53±0.87
(3)
3.50±1.23
(4)
3.36±1.01
(3)
3.25±0.87
(3)
3.36±1.01
(3)
3.27±1.02
(3)
2.96±0.97
(3)
2.46±1.02
(3)
2.57±1.05
(3)
1.87±1.06
(1.5)
1.65±0.97
(1)
Answers on 5 point Likert item, 1 = “I fully disagree”, 5 = “I fully agree”. SD standard deviation.
CM (traditional) Chinese medicine. “Western medicine” = “conventional” Western biomedicine.
* Only patients who knew about concept.