Kimia Karbon dan Polimer
1. Hidrokarbon
2. Gugus fungsi Karbon
3. Organo kimia
4. Polimer
Kimia karbon
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Dalam sistem kehidupan 70-90% air danseimbang dengan carbon(C)
Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form molecules that are large,
complex and diverse
Atomic Structure of Carbon
Key is the atom…nucleus and electrons
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Carbon has 6 electrons
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2 in first shell
4 in next shell (for orbits, one electron per orbit)
Little tendency to gain or loose electrons…no ionic bonding
Greater likelihood for electrons to be shared with other atoms in
covalent bonds…four (4) possible covalent bonds per atom of carbon
Unsur kebanyakan berikatan dengan C C
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Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Carbon
Gugus fungsi
Distinctive features of large carbon compounds
depend on two aspects of the molecule
 Carbon skeleton (chained, branched, etc.)
 Groups of atoms that are attached to the carbon
(called “functional groups”)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
hydroxyl (OH)
carbonyl (CO)
carboxyl (COOH)
amino (NH2)
sulphydryl (SH)
phosphate (P)
Organo kimia
Pestisida, insektisida, herbisida
• Senyawa Klor organik
• Senyawa Posfor organik
• Senyawa Karbamat, dll
Polymer Principles
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Any long chain of repeating units is called a polymer
(chemistry chapter)…key point is repeating units (train
car analogy)
Dalam Biokimia, phenomena ini dibagi dalam 4 klas
senyawa yang betul-betul penting,
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
In biology, the long linkages among carbon atoms are
made via covalent bonds (weak bonds that allow for
variety of transformations, including release of energy
and ability to be spilt easily e.g., nerve impulse of a
ringing of the bell)
Carbohydrates
Keys: (i) structure of basic unit and role of carbon, (ii) polymer
structure, (iii) function, and (iv) structure and therefore function
is inherited
General description of fuel and building material for cells with a
general
formulation of strings of carbon bonded covalently into large
macromolecules
Repeated units (glucose) can be strung together in an infinite array
(configured) to produce a large number of different chemicals
each with different biochemical properties but each sharing the
carbon skeleton, functional groups…hydroxyl and carboxyl) and
the importance of covalent bonds…and all structure is
genetically determined
Basic unit structure (sugar)
Polymer Structure (bonding of units)
Function…structure and storage
Inheritance
Lipids
Keys: (i) structure of basic unit and role of carbon, (ii) polymer structure, (iii)
function, and (iv) structure and therefore function is inherited
Very diverse macromolecules with one trait: little or no affinity for water (define
hydrophobic) since molecular structure is mostly hydrocarbons
Three types: fats, phospholipids and steroids
Fats
Structure
chain of carbons (16-18 in length) – fatty acid
Satuan gugus fungsi gliserol (alcohol)
variation: number of carbons and double versus single C-C bonds
OH
OH -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
OH
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
(hydrophobic)
(hydrophilic)
Amino Acids and Proteins
Function:
Storage
Structure
Transport
Enzymes (catalysis…selectively accelerates rates of
reactions)
Defense
10,000+ proteins, each with a unique structure and unique function
Structure
Most structurally sophisticated molecules
Vary extensively in shape-…unique s-D shape
Although diverse, all are polymers on 20 amino acids called polypeptides
Protein definition: 1 or more polypeptides folded together…distinction is that a
protein has a specific functional role
1. Polymers of a basic unit (amino acid)
2. Linked together to form a macromolecule via polypeptide bonds that are covalent
3. Unique 3-D shape that results in a functional protein
4. Very slight changes in conformation (primary to quaternary) can change the
protein from one that is functional to one that is nonfunctional
5. Sequence of amino acids is genetically determined
Nucleic Acids and DNA
 Theme of living systems is the feature of continuity such that
information and directions are passed along from generation to
generation, and this same feature is what determines that
macromolecules are genetically inherited as well
 This information rich source is based on nucleic acids and the
macromolecule that nucleic acids form, which is DNA
Two types of nucleic acid macromolecules
 DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
 RNA – ribonucleic acid
Function of nucleic acids and their macromolecules
 Reproduction or “replication”
 Directs the synthesis of RNA which in turn controls the synthesis of
proteins (“transcription” and “translation”)