WELL-BEING AS AN INDICATOR:
A MARINE RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT APPLICATION
Courtland SMITH - Oregon State University
Patricia M. CLAY - NOAA Fisheries
AAA Meetings, November 2007
http://margaux.grandvinum.se/SebTest/wvs/articles/folder_published/article_base_56
Well-being
empty zone
Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:168
Ingelhart & Klingemann 2000:176
25
20
Skew = -0.65
Percent
15
10
5
0
Least
Most
Life Satisfaction
Life Satisfaction from World Values Survey, n= 42,601 (Inglehart et al. 1998:34)
40
35
30
Percent
25
E German
20
W German
15
10
5
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
General Satisfaction
E Germany
W Germany
Skew
-0.50
-1.00
(van Praag and Ferrer-I-Carbonell 2004:45)
Income distributions Oregon, Clatsop & Lincoln counties,
Astoria, Newport, & Coquille Tribe
40
Coquille
35
Skew
30
Oregon
1.17
Percent
Oregon
25
Astoria
Clatsop
20
Astoria
1.20
Clatsop
1.23
10
Newport
1.38
5
Lincoln
1.38
0
Coquille
1.45
Newport
Lincoln
15
Coquille
<15
15-25
25-35
35-50
50-75
>75
Income
Oregon
Source: city & county
US Census & survey
4
3.5
1994 data from
National Opinion
Research Center
(1999), n= 2627,
Question 157,
range 0 to 4, not too
happy to very
happy, US
population
averaged by income
class, <10, 10-20,
20-30, 30-40, 4050, >75k,
correlation is 0.20.
3
Happiness
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
(Easterlin 2001:468)
0
0
20
40
60
Incom e
80
100
Subjective, emic, perceived well-being
Direction of improving
well-being
hi
Hi subjective
Lo objective
Hi subjective
Hi objective
Lo subjective
Lo objective
Lo subjective
Hi objective
lo
Objective, etic, material well-being
10
9
8
1976
Quality of Life
7
6
1971
5
Mill Workers
US
1966
Fishermen
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Material Well-being
Point Judith, Rhode Island mill worker/fisher comparison (Poggie and Gersuny 1974)
5
Midshore
4.5
Captain
Crew
4
Self-Actualization
Trawler
Deckhand
3.5
3
2.5
Midshore and trawlers
differ significantly at
p<0.01. Captain and
crew differ at p<0.05
2
1.5
1
0
1
2
3
4
Incom e
The Nova Scotia offshore fishery (Binkley 1995:9, 75)
5
5
No significant
difference exists
between the
six gear groups
Self-actualization
4
Bay
Oyster
Clam
3
Scallop
Dragger
Longline
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
Survival/Security
Six New Jersey gear types (Gatewood and McCay 1990:21)
Aftermath
of the1994
Coho
Closure
(Smith and
Gilden
2000;
Smith et al.
2000;
Gilden and
Smith 1996
a, b)
40
35
30
Oregon Troll
Percent
25
20
15
Overall
satisfaction
skew
10
5
0
much worse
worse
no change
better
much better
better
much better
Overall Satisfaction
Troll
0.11
40
Gillnet
0.68
35
30
Percent
25
OR and WA Gillnet
20
15
10
5
Gilden and Smith 1996a, b
0
much worse
worse
no change
Overall Satisfaction
5
4.5
Differences
with trollers and
gillnetters are
significant at
p<0.01
Watershed
Coordinators
4
Students
Lawyers
Satisfaction
3.5
3
2.5
Am Indians
Tribe
2
Trollers
1.5
Gillnetters
1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Incom e Ratio
Comparisons with trollers and gilllnetters in Gilden and Smith (1996a, b)
SelfActualization/
Identity
+
Belonging/
Place
Physiological/
Basic needs/
Occupation
Wikipedia
Factor analysis,
commercial fishers,
charter boat operators,
and fish plant workers,
Petersburg and Craig,
Alaska, n=135 (Pollnac
and Poggie 2006:332)
1
Self Actualization
Differences are
significant at
p<0.02, except
for commercial
and Craig
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Commercial
Craig
0
-1
-0.5
Petersburg
0
-0.2
0.5
1
Processor
Charter
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Basic Needs
Pollnac and Poggie 2006:334-335
Factor analysis commercial and recreational fishermen, n=1336 (Smith 1981:186)
1.5
Differences between
recreation and
commercial are
significant at p<0.001
1
0.5
Identity
>5 MT Troll
Commercial
0
-1.5
-1
-0.5
<1 MT Troll
0
0.5
1
1.5
Recreation
Angler
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Occupation
Smith 1981:186-188
Conclusions
Objective-etic-material vs subjective-emic-perceptual
comparisons are supported in numerous studies
Extensive subjective anthropological research on fishing
groups, objective well-being less measured
Lack comparison with non-fishers and across time
Better sampling and common measures are needed
Individual data lacking, little recognition that objective,
material distributions are positively skewed and subjective,
perceptual ones are negatively skewed
Fishing groups more often in high objective and high
subjective quadrant
Powerlessness from being managed or controlled lowers
the subjective well-being measure
Acknowledgments
NOAA Fisheries (NMFS), Office of Science and
Technology
NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Oregon Sea Grant
Program
Review by Fred Serchuk