Matakuliah
Tahun
: E1122 - Psikologi Pendidikan
: 2010
Social Context and Socioemotional
Development
Pertemuan 5
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
• Focus on the social contexts in which
children live and the people who
influence their development
• Brofenbrenner’s ecological theory
consist of five environmental systems;
microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem,
macrosystem, and chronosystem.
Bina Nusantara University
2
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
• microsystem, is a setting which the individual spends
considerable time, such as the student’s family, peers,
school, and neighborhood
• mesosystem, linkages between microsytem. Examples
are the connections between family experiences and
school experiences and between family and peer.
• exosystem, is at work when experiences in another
setting influence what students and teachers experience
in the immediate context.
Bina Nusantara University
3
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory
• macrosystem, involves the
broader culture. Culture is very
broad term that includes the
roles of ethnicity and
socioeconomic factor in
children’s development
• Chronosystem, includeds the
sociohistorical conditions of
students’ development. Ex; the
lives of children today are
different in many ways from
when their parents and
grandparents were children.
Bina Nusantara University
4
Evaluating Bronfenbrenner’s Theory
• Its give too little attention to biological and cognitive
factors in children’s development.
• The theory does not address the step-by-step
development changes that are the focus of theories such
as piaget’s and Erikson’s.
Bina Nusantara University
5
Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory
Stages
Developmental
period
Age
Integrity vs despair
Late adulthood
60s onward
Generativity vs
stagnation
Middle adulthood
40s – 50s
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood
20s – 30s
Identity vs identity
confusion
adolescence
10s- 20s
Industry vs inferiority
Midle and late
childhood
6 – puberty
Initiative vs guilt
Early childhood
3-5
Autonomy vs shame
and doubt
infancy
1-3
Tust vs mistrust
infancy
0-1
6
Bina Nusantara University
Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory
• Tust versus mistrust; fist psychosocial stage, it occurs
in the first year of life. The development of trust requires
warm, nurturing caregiving. The positive outsome is a
feeling of comfort and minimal fear. Mistrust develops
when infants are treated too negatively or are ignored
• Autonomy versus shame and doubt; it occurs in late
infancy and the toddler years. After gaining trust in their
caregivers, infant begin to discover that their behavior is
their own. If infant are restrained too much or punished
too harsly, they develop a sense of shame and doubt
Bina Nusantara University
7
Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory
• Initiative versus guilt, it corresponds to early childhood,
about 3-5 years of age. In this stage, adult expect children to
become more responsible including taking care of their
bodies and belongings. Developing a sense of responsibility
increases initiative. Children develop uncomfortable guilt
feeling if they are irresponsible or are made to feel too
anxious.
• Industry versus inferiority, it corresponds to elementary
school years, about 6 years to puberty. The children direct
their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual
skills , they more anthusias in learning. The danger in this
stage is developing a sense of inferiority, unproductiveness,
and incompetence.
Bina Nusantara University
8
Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory
• Identity versus identity confusion, it corresponds to
the adolescent years. They try to find out who they are,
what they are all about, where they are going in life.
They need to be allowed to explore different paths to
attain a healthy identity. If adolescents do not
adequately explore different roles and don’t carve out a
positive puture path, they can remain confused about
their identity
• Intimacy versus isolation, 20s – 30s year. The
developmental task is to form positive close
relationships with others. The hazard is that one will fail
to form an intimate relationship and become socially
isolated.
Bina Nusantara University
9
Erikson’s Life Span Development Theory
• Generativity versus stagnation, the 40s – 50s year.
Generativity means transmitting something positive to
the next generation. Stagnation means the feeling of
having done nothing to help the next generation
• Integrity versus despair, 60s untill death. Older adult
review their lives, reflecting on what they have done. If
the retrospective evaluations are positive, they develop
a sense of integrity. In contrast, older become
despairing if their backward glances are mainly
negative.
Bina Nusantara University
10