Matakuliah
Tahun
: D0064 - Sosiologi dan Psikologi Industri
: Sep-2009
LEADERSHIP & POWER IN ORGANIZATION
Pertemuan 21 - 22
WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?
Leadership: Kemampuan untuk
mempengaruhi: Sikap,
Keyakinan, Perilaku, Perasaan
dari Orang Lain
(Spector, 1996)
Bina Nusantara University
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SOURCES OF INFLUENCE & POWER
(French & Raven, 1959)
•
•
•
•
•
EXPERT POWER:
give information
REFERENT POWER:
get subordinates to like you
LEGITIMATE POWER:
get a high level
REWARD POWER:
give reward for compliance
COERCIVE POWER:
give punishments for
noncompliance
Bina Nusantara University
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POLITICAL POWER IN ORGANIZATION
(Yukl, 1989)
KEGIATAN POLITIS:
proses untuk mendapatkan dan
mempertahankan kekuasaan di dalam
organisasi
• Mengontrol / mengendalikan proses
pengambilan keputusan
• Membentuk koalisi
• Co-optation
Bina Nusantara University
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What makes a person
a good leader?
Bina Nusantara University
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Consideration Style
• Friendly & Approachable
• Does little things to make it pleasant
to be a member of the group
• Puts suggestions made by group into
operation
• Treats all members equally
Bina Nusantara University
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Initiating Structure Style
• Lets members know what
is expected of them
• Encourages the use of
uniform procedures
• Tries out his/her ideas in
the group
• Makes his/her attitudes
clear to the group
Bina Nusantara University
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25
20
15
10
5
0
Bina Nusantara University
low
med
high
9
50
40
30
20
10
0
Bina Nusantara University
low
med
high
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Theoretical perspectives on university
leadership
• Transformational leadership: motivating and inspiring staff,
satisfying their higher needs; stimulating and encouraging
thinking; bringing out performance; enabling others to act
(empowering others).
• Transactional leadership: use of positional power.
• Pounder (1999 in Pounder, 2001) argued that both
transformational and transactional leadership is necessary: the
former to develop interpersonal relationships, morale and team
work; the latter to set goals and ensure efficiency.
Bina Nusantara University
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An overall perspective
• Overall, writers in the field of university leadership suggest that
a “blend of human centred and strategic operations
behaviours, attributes, attitudes and practices in recognition
that leadership is a multi-faceted activity.” (Drew et al., p. 5).
Bina Nusantara University
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The research findings of Drew et al. (2008)
Two themes emerged from the interview data:
1. Effective leadership conditions or practices that constitute effective
practice
– People skills
– Promoting an environment where leadership is fostered in others
– Credibility and the engendering of trust
– Role models
– Ethical, inclusive and collaborative practices
– Taking responsibility for decision making
– Communicating the goals and vision of the organisation
– Understanding organisational priorities
– Adequate resources and connections
– In essence, the above can be categorised as either interpersonal skills
and engagement, and strategic thinking and operational effectiveness,
both of which are complementary and necessary for effective
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leadership (Kotter, 1990).
The research findings of Drew et al. (2008)
2. Significant learning experiences for leaders
– Learning from others: mentor, role model
– Formal courses of study/leadership programs
– Critical incidents
Overall, the importance of the interdependence of interpersonal
skills and strategic and operational competence was noted
(transformational and transactional).
Bina Nusantara University
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Ketika subordinates merasa “Kurang
Pasti,” maka KLARIFIKASI akan
sangat bermanfaat (Keller, 1989)
Kepribadian dari setiap
subordinates
hendaknya menjadi
bahan pertimbangan
dalam rangka
memutuskan metode
supervisi yang paling
tepat (Keller, 1989)
Bina Nusantara University
Leadership
is an ART
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What makes a person a good Leader?
Understanding of
Psychology & Politics
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Successful Leader:
(Bennis & Nanus, 1985)
Leadership is an ART
Bina Nusantara University
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Manajer Vs Pemimpin
• Making plans, working out
details
• Setting up infrastructure for
plans to work
• Monitoring progress against
plans
• Producing results as expected
by others
Bina Nusantara University
• Developing a vision for the
future
• Getting people in and
providing direction
• Motivating, inspiring and
energizing people to
overcome barriers
• Managing change in product
& methods to maintain
competitiveness
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