Matakuliah
Tahun
: Sosiologi Komunikasi Massa
: 2009/2010
POLA ANALISA SOSIAL
Pertemuan 12
Komponen Penelitian Ilmiah
• Obyektif / Subjektif
• Systematis
• Metodologis
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Pilihan Metodologi
– Research Questions
– Pertanyaan Penelitian
– Research Goals
– Tujuan Penelitian
– Researcher Beliefs and Values
– Nilai-nilai dan Kepercayaan Peneliti
– Researcher Skills
– Kemampuan Peneliti
– Time and Funds
– Waktu dan Dana
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Sumber Data
• Kualitatif
– Artifact
– Speech
– Behavior
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• Kuantitatif
– Variable
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Konteks Penelitian
– Who were the subjects?
• Umur, Jenis Kelamin, Warga Negara, dll
• Pendidikan, Pengalaman Kerja, dll
– What were they doing?
• Deskripsi Pekerjaan, dll
• Current projects, etc
– When was data collected?
• Time of day and year
• How did it fit into their day?
– Where did data collection take place?
• Physical surroundings
• Geographical location
– Why did they participate?
• Motivations, both individual and organizational
– How was data gathered?
• Details of methods – recording, format, who was present, etc.
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Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms
• The qualitative paradigm concentrates on investigating
subjective data, in particular, the perceptions of the
people involved. The intention is to illuminate these
perceptions and, thus, gain greater insight and
knowledge.
• The quantitative paradigm concentrates on what can be
measured. It involves collecting and analysing objective
(often numerical) data that can be organised into
statistics.
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Defining Media events
• Mediated history?
• ‘the high holidays of mass communication’ (Dayan and
Katz)
• Different from – and often interrupt – normal scheduled
programming
– Live
– Remote
– Pre-planned
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Media events in theoretical context –
Durkheim
• Elementary Forms of the Religious Life
– ‘the sacred’ and ‘the profane’
– Society celebrates itself through ritual
• The Division of Labour
– ‘organic solidarity’
– ‘mechanical solidarity’
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Media events as ritual
Ritual
‘liminality’
‘communitas’
Social Order (in
crisis?)
Social Order
(restored)
• Anthropological accounts of role of ritual in society (Turner,
Van Gennep)
• Media events provide feelings of unity and togetherness for
atomised, individualised audiences
• BUT - ‘Media events…are privileged moments, not because
they reveal society’s underlying solidarity, but because they
reveal the mythical construction of the mediated centre at its
most intense’ (Couldry)
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Media events and Weber
• Three forms of authority
– Rational-legal
– Charismatic
– Traditional
• Different types of media events draw on or reflect
different forms of authority (conquests, contests and
coronations)
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Contests
• Typically political or
sporting contests
(election campaigns,
debates, Olympics, World
Cup)
• Fixed and cyclical
• Rational authority
• Agreed rules – ‘a level
playing field; ‘the best
man (sic) will win’
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Conquests
• The rarest events –
moments of human
achievement or triumph
(Moon landings, Mandela,
Sadat in Jerusalem)
• Acts of ‘heroism’
• Charismatic authority
• Changing the rules –
signalling change and
progress
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Coronations
• Not fixed in time – but
recurrent (Elizabeth II,
Royal Weddings, Diana’s
Funeral)
• The ‘nation’ is the stage
• Traditional authority
• Signals continuity
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Re-thinking media events
• Is this sufficient to account for all media events in 21st
century? (the unplanned?; the ‘invented’)
• Are audiences unified? (Princess Diana)
• Media events in the digital age
– Media events restore the primacy of broadcasting
– Give broadcasters the chance to demonstrate their
centrality & innovativeness
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– The Issue
• What effect does movie and TV violence have
on audiences?
• Does violence in the media lead people,
especially youth, to become more violent?
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– The Setting
• We spend great deal of time with the media
• Does watching hours of mass media with violent
images cause one to behave differently?
– Some studies linked exposure to media violence
to subsequent aggressive behavior
It is important to recognize that other factors besides the
media are also related to aggressive behavior.
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– Sociological Insights
• If function of media is to entertain, socialize,
and enforce social norms, can violence be part
of that message?
• Even if viewer does not necessarily become
more violent from watching violent images,
there could be desensitization
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– Sociological Insights
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• Conflict and feminist theorists are troubled that
victims depicted in violent imagery are often:
– Women
– Children
– Poor
– Racial minorities
– Citizens of foreign countries
– Physically disabled
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– Sociological Insights
• Interactionists especially interested in finding
out if violence in media may then become script
for real-life behavior
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Social Policy and Mass Media
• Media Violence
– Policy Initiatives
• Policymakers responded to links between
violence depicted in media and real life
aggression:
– Public statements of support for familyoriented, less-violent media content
Reluctance to pass laws regarded as censorship
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Social Policy and Mass Media
Figure 7-4. Violence on Prime-Time Television, 1998—2002
Source: Parents Television Council 2003
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Conclusions
• Media events and ‘the live broadcasting of history’
• Weber and Durkheim (and anthropological accounts of
ritual) offer new perspectives on media power
• ‘Unify’ atomized audiences
• Re-assert the primacy of broadcasting for a dispersed
audience
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