Matakuliah
Tahun
: Decision Support System
: 2009
DSS Development : Development Strategy
And Tools
Pertemuan - 13
Sasaran Pembelajaran
• Mahasiswa dapat menemukan metode dan teknik serta
tools yang tepat yang diperlukan dalam pengembangan
suatu DSS, dengan :
– Mengerti konsep dasar Pengembangan sistem , tahapantahapannya
– Karakteristik dan tipe DSS-DSS
– Mengerti faktor-faktor keberhasilan dan kegagalan
pengembangan DSS.
– Mengerti Pentingnya project management.
– Mengerti berbagai macam metoda pengembangan DSS
– Mengerti Aspek Teknologi dan Tools dalam pengembangan dan
operasional DSS.
Bina Nusantara University
3
Pokok Bahasan
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DSS Development Strategy
- Generic SDLC Methodology
- Agile Development
- Prototyping
Development Team and Tools
Bina Nusantara University
4
Pengalaman :
Osram Sylvania Thinks Small, Strategizes Big-Develops
the Infonet HR Portal System
• Creation of a specialized business portal to solve specific problem
– Prototype
– Interactive, Web-based
– HR portal
• Think small, strategize big
– Focus on key problems first
– Plan to achieve quick small successes
• Intranet-based portal for hiring, job postings, benefits, bonuses,
retirement information
Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Development Strategy
•Project Management
•Analysis and Design DSS
•Implementation
Bina Nusantara University
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Successful Project Management
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Establish a baseline
Define scope of project
Manage change and scope creep
Get support from upper management
Establish timelines, milestones, and budgets based on
realistic goals
• Involve users
• Document everything
Bina Nusantara University
7
Implementation Failures
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Lack of stakeholder involvement
Incomplete requirements
Scope creep
Unrealistic expectations
Project champion leaves
Lack of skill or expertise
Inadequate human resources
New technologies
Bina Nusantara University
8
Evolutionary Disruptors
• Development environment
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Organizational cultural factors
Loss of top management support
User and analyst attitude
User experience
Development team capability
• Development process
– User education, support, involvement, training
Bina Nusantara University
9
Project Management Tools
• Project management software can allow:
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Collaboration among disparate teams
Resource and program management
Portfolio management
Web enabled
Aggregates and analyses project data
Bina Nusantara University
10
Basic :Systems Development Life Cycle
• Empat fase
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Planning
Analysis
Design
Implementation
• Cyclical
• Dapat kembali ke fase lain
• Model Waterfall
Bina Nusantara University
11
Tools
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Computer-aided software design tools
– Upper CASE –
• Creates systems diagrams
– Lower CASE
• Manages diagrams and code
– Integrated CASE
• Combination
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RAD design tools
– Enterprise class repository and collaboration
– UML modeling
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Analysis and design software
Code debugging methods
Testing and quality assurance tools
Bina Nusantara University
12
Alternative Development Methodologies
• Parallel development
– Multiple development on separate systems
• RAD
– Quick development allowing fast, but limited functionality
• Phased development
– Sequential serial development
• Prototyping
– Rapid development of portions of projects for user input and modification
– Small working model or may become functional part of final system
• Throwaway prototyping
– Pilot test or simple development platforms
Bina Nusantara University
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Bina Nusantara University
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Agile Development
• Rapid prototyping
• Used for:
– Unclear or rapidly changing requirements
– Speedy development
• Heavy user input
• Incremental delivery with short time frames
• Tend to have integration problems
Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Development Methodology
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Prototyping
Iterative design
Evolutionary development
Middle out process
Adaptive design
Incremental design
Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Prototyping
• Prototype DSS
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prototype is alternative to goal of an operational DSS
intended to demonstrate and provoke
produced more rapidly than operational DSS
analysis yields small (not complete) set of requirements
design quickly created without great attention to details
implementation is rapid without extensive testing or
documentation
– design (what is the blueprint?)
– implementation (following the blueprint)
Bina Nusantara University
DSS Prototyping
• resultant prototype demonstrates on a small scale and in
a partial way what might be experienced with an
operational DSS
– can aid in securing/retaining support by showing tangible
progress
– if prototype is a failure, the plan to build an operational DSS can
be reconsidered quickly
– can help provoke user to clarify what is desired, indicating what
to change, add, eliminate
• two kinds of prototypes
– throwaway
– evolutionary
Bina Nusantara University
DSS Prototyping
• Short steps
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Planning
Analysis
Design
Prototype
• Immediate stakeholder feedback
• Iterative
– In development of prototype
– Within the system in general
– Evaluation integral part
• Control mechanism
Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Prototyping
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Advantages
– User and management
involvement
– Learning explicitly integrated
– Prototyping bypasses information
requirement
– Short intervals between iterations
– Low cost
– Improved user understanding of
system
Bina Nusantara University
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Disadvantages
– Changing requirements
– May not have thorough
understanding of benefits and
costs
– Poorly tested
– Dependencies, security, and
safety may be ignored
– High uncertainty
– Problem may get lost
– Reduction in quality
– Higher costs due to multiple
productions
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Change Management
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Crucial to DSS
People resistant to change
Examine cause of change
May require organizational culture shift
Lewin-Schein change theory steps
– Unfreeze
• Create awareness of need for change
• People support what they help create
– Move
• Develop new methods and behaviors
• Create and maintain momentum
– Refreeze
• Reinforce desired changes
• Establish stable environment
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DSS Technology Levels
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DSS primary tools
– Fundamental elements
• Programming languages, graphics, editors, query systems
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DSS generator (engine)
– Integrated software package for building specific DSS
• Modeling, report generation, graphics, risk analysis
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Specific DSS
– DSS application that accomplishes the work
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DSS primary tools are used to construct integrated tools that are used to
construct specific tools
Bina Nusantara University
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Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Hardware
• Hardware
– Client/Workstation : PC sejenisnya
– Server /Host :PCs to multiprocessor mainframes
• Communication Network
– LAN, WAN, MAN
– Internet
• Software
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Involves multiple criteria
Develop in house, outsource, or buy off the shelf
Off the shelf software rapidly updated; many on market
Prices fluctuate
Different tools available
Bina Nusantara University
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DSS Developer
• Team developed DSS requires substantial effort to build and
manage
• End user developed DSS
– Decision-makers and knowledge workers develop to solve
problems or enhance productivity
• Advantages
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Short delivery time
User requirements specifications are eliminated
Reduced implementation problems
Low costs
• Risks
– Quality may be low
– May have lack of documentation
– Security risks may increase
• DSS is much more than just a DBMS, MBMS, GUI, interface,
and knowledge component
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DSS Tools
( refference )
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Development Tools
• Objectives
– Distinguish between DSSs and the tools used to build DSSs.
• Identify important factors that deserve to be considered when
selecting tools for constructing your DSSs.
• Describe major interface styles that can be built into DSSs.
– Explain the relationship between DSS development tools and
knowledge management techniques, including ways of
integrating multiple techniques in the construction of a single
DSS.
– Knowledge management techniques can be implemented in
many tools and tool can furnish multiple knowledge management
techniques
– Technique-oriented tool categories
• Which technique is emphasized?
• May fit in multiple categories
Bina Nusantara University
Development Tools
• Roles of tools in development
– Assist at analysis/design stages versus implementation stage
– Roles in implementation
– intrinsic tool
» functions as PPS
» developer initializes KS
» LS, PS customization possible
» widely used
Bina Nusantara University
Development Tools
• partially intrinsic tool
– functions as part of PPS
– developer designs/implements rest of PPS
• extrinsic tool
– does not function as any part of PPS
– used to produce parts of the PPS
– may be used to produce some KS contents
Bina Nusantara University