Matakuliah
Tahun
: L0332 – Psikologi Konseling
: 2009
Gender Issues
Pertemuan 12
PERTEMUAN 12
Gender Issues
Introduction
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Kate Millet: Because of our social circumstances, male and female are
really two different cultures and their life experiences are utterly different
Sex: biological differences between males and females, such as
differences in genitals, reproductive functioning, bone structure, and size
Gender: the cultural and social classification of characteristics, attitudes,
values and behaviours as appropriate for either females or males
Gender role: the role that a person adopts or that is ascribed to her/him on
the dimensions of masculinity and femininity. The concept of gender role
incorporates the power relations between men and woman
Gender role identity: how a person views herself or himself on the
dimensions of masculinity and femininity
Gender role socialization: The processes of enculturation whereby
children and adults acquire, internalize and maintain the characteristics,
attitudes , values and behaviours associated with femininity, masculinity
or mixture of both
Introduction
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Gender role conflict: Where the gender role the individual either
adopts or wishes to adopt is a variance with the gender role
prescribed by their culture or reference group.
 different ideas between partners in dual career couples
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Sexism: external oppression on account of a person’s biological sex.
Individual Sexism: any thoughts, feelings and actions that assume the
superiority of one sex over the other.
Institutional or organizational sexism: political, institutional and
organizational structures that discriminate against, oppress and
devalue a person on the grounds of sex
Heterosexism: extends sexism to focus on individuals and
organizations that assume the superiority of heterosexual thought,
feelings and actions over homosexual or bisexual thoughts, feelings
and actions.
THEORY
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Read p. 445-452
Biology and Gender
Masculinity, femininity, androgyny and gender schema
Woman and gender roles
Men and gender roles
THERAPY
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Read p. 460
Ellen Piel Cook: Mental health professional recognize today that
strong adhere to traditional sex-role standards can have negative
consequences for men’s and women’s psychological functioning
Where gender role issues are involved, it is possible to state
therapeutic goals for both sexes and for each sex
The general goals include helping individual clients use their
strengths and potential, make appropriate choices, remedy poor skills
and develop positive and flexible self-concept
 Learning to deal with demand/withdraw interaction pattern in
marital conflict
 Handling numerous issues confronting dual career couples in a
time
of rapid technological and economic change
THERAPY
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Goals for feminist counselling: read box 17.3  p. 454
Therapeutic goals for men: read p. 455
THERAPY
Therapeutic approaches: read p. 455-460
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Making existing therapies more gender sensitive
Gender relevant counselling and therapy competences
Awareness of own assumptions, values and biases
Understanding the worldview of the sex-different client
Developing appropriate intervention strategies and techniques
Feminist and Men’s Therapy
5 central principles of feminist therapy (read box 17.4; p. 458)
THERAPY
Herbert Spencer:
No one can be perfectly free until all are free;
No one can be perfectly moral until all are moral;
No one can be perfectly happy until all are happy