Matakuliah
Tahun
: L0134/ Psikologi Belajar
: Tahun 2008
Pertemuan 3
Early Behavioristic Theories
BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF BEHAVIORAL
THEORY
• Rene Descartes:
– Reflex arc
• Mid 19th century:
– special functions of nerves; sensor, motor
– human as a biological “reflex” machine
• Prilaku Manusia = prilaku hewan?
– Dimana peran reason dan soul?
– Intelligence, Morality?
Evolutionist
“Survival of the fittest is a
process of natural
selection”
C.Darwin (1809 -1882)
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
- Variation
- Transmission (heredity, sexual reproduction)
- Natural selection
Contoh:
Lemmings dan jurang
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemming
Apa hubungannya dengan Psikologi
Belajar?
Organism engage in random activity.
However some activities are found to
produce pleasure and/or eliminated
pain. Thus these activities continue to
occur.
H.Spencer (1820-1903)
• The role of learning in animal behavior
– Animals can adjust their action based on the outcomes of
previous actions
– Certain features of environment are associated with other
features
• cth: gajah gurun bisa mengingat lokasi air di
bawah tanah
LEARNING IS ADAPTIVE
• Assumption:
– All animals are biological in nature
– All animals have brains
• thus they can learn
• Behave in predictable pattern
– Human is Animal (according to Darwin)
• Behavior can be examined by looking at:
– Nature : genes, brains
– Nurture: environment, behavior
• NATURE VS. NURTURE?
• NATURE:
– Phylogenetic history
• Genetic history of life on earth
– Ontogenetic history
• Life experience from birth to death
– Extragenetic history
• Cummulative oral and written experiences of
individual humans (Sagan, 1977)
• Bicara ttg nature maka kita berbicara ttg Heredity:
– Transmission of physical structure from one generation to the
next
– New Genotype is create during conception
– Phenotype changes during a lifetime
• Genotype:
– The genetic make-up of a person.
• Phenotype:
– visible appearance or set of traits of an organism, resulting from
the combined action of genotype and environment
Evolutionary – Influenced Research Strategies in Learning and
Behavior
• More gene shared more similar behavior
• Research menunjukan:
– General Process
• Human appear to learn some behavior similar to
that rats and pigeons
– Mis? Main Video game
– Species – Specific Learning
• Ikan berenang, burung terbang dll
• Beberapa pendekatan awal
– Ethology
– Comparative Psychology
– Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
Ethology
• Study the role of learning in Species Specific behavior
• How do animals behave naturally
• Particular behaviors are best considered as evolutionary
adaptation to survival
• Tidak setuju dengan lab manipulation of behavior
•
Consumatory behavior
– Behaviors indispensable for survival: feeding, mating, courting dll
•
Imprinting
– Rapid long lasting instinctive like learning (Konrad Lorenz)
•
• Cth: Geese
Instinct
– Genetically predisposed, organized behavior
•
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
– An orderly fixed series of movements, triggered by biologically meaningful
stimulus
•
• Cth: egg retrieving behavior (box 2.3)
Reflexes
– Similar to FAP but are more modifieable
• Mis: nahan geli
Comparative Psychology
• Is the study of the motivation and behavior of animals for
the express purpose of identifying similarities and
differences among them (Barker, 2001)
• Bermula dari upaya manusia untuk mendomestikasi
binatang
– Untuk ternak, berburu, transportasi
• Apa yang dipikirkan oleh binatang?
• Bagaimana mereka bisa belajar?
– “mengenal” pemiliknya
• Domestication
• Binatang domestik bersikap beda dengan binatang
liar, kenapa?
• Binatang peliharaan dilahirkan ke lingkungan yang
jauh berbeda dengan alam aslinya
• Mereka harus cepat beradaptasi
• Role of environment in controlling behavior:
– Binatang domestik hidup dalam lingkungan yang terkontrol dan
dimanipulasi oleh manusia
– Penelitian lab menghasilkan lingkungan yang sangat terkontrol
• Morgans Canon and Law of Parsimony
– Use the simplest explanation possible in interperting one’s
observation
– Beware of Anthropomorphism
• Attributing human characteristic to animals
• Apakah sebaliknya, prilaku manusia juga
seharusnya dipandang dalam prilaku “hewani”?
– Zoomorphism: attributing non-human qualities to human
• Animal Model
– Comparative Psychology mempelajari prilaku hewan untuk
memahami prilaku manusia
•
•
•
•
Drug use/abuse
Emotional behavior
Appetite
Dll
Apakah anda setuju?
• Species-specific Defense Reactions
• animals have innate defensive behaviors:
– such as freezing, fleeing and fighting
• if a particular avoidance response is rapidly learned, then
that response must necessarily be one of the animal's
species-specific defense reactions, or part of such a reaction
(Bolles, 1970)
– Reinforcement-produced learning:
• more slowly learned avoidance response
• Reuires many pairing and trials
• Not every individual in the species can learn it
Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
• Sociobiology (Wilson, 1975)
– The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior; the
interaction of two or more individuals
• Mis:Mating, courting, fighting, altruism dll
• Social behavior which have the strongest contribution to
survival has a biological basis
• Inclusive fitness: ensuring the survival and continuation of
genetic material of the species, even by means of “selfless”
individual acts (altruism, (Holcomb, 1993))
– Cth: bunuh diri pada lebah (Sakagami & Akahira, 1960) dan rayap (Wilson, 1975)
untuk menyelamatkan koloninya
• Evolutionary Psychology (Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992)
– The study of human and animal minds and behavior from the
perspective of evolutionary theory
– There are situations where reinforcement and contiguity are inadequate
for explaining learning and behavior
• Situations:
– Autoshaping
» The appearance of learned behavior without reinforcement
– Instincitive drift
» Regression of learned behavior to instinctual behavior
• Biological Constraints
– An inborn predesposition that makes learning highly probable to
a particular species, yet highly improbable to another (Breland &
Breland, 1966)
• Both Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology
proposed a shift in the determinant of behavior from
proximal (Psychological and sociological) to
distal/ultimate causes
SELF REPLICATE
General Process Learning Theory
• Purpose:
– To find a set of laws that can adequately describe the learning
process in all animals
Assumptions
– Behavioral Flexibility:
• Instinctive behavior is important, but the focus of animal and human
behavior study is associative learning process
– Lawfulness of Learning:
• Behavior is neither capricious, accidental nor random. Rather, it
changes in predictable and adaptive way
– Generality of Learning:
• Many of the phenomena of learning are general across species and
across situations. Thus, observable under different conditions for
different species
– Replicability:
• Various phenomena of learning are reproduceable
– Benefits of Laboratory Analysis:
• Allow for careful measurements, manipulation and control of
procedures, and control of confound variables
• Biofeedback:
– A procedure by which individuals are given information about
their biological functioning
• Neurofeedback:
– A procedure by which individuals are given information about
their neurological functioning
Behavior Observation
• Prilaku apa yang ingin anda ubah?
HARI/TGL
Kamis 11/09/08
JAM
FREKUENSI
09:00-10:00
1
10:00 - 11:00
1
TOTAL FREK
2
LOKASI
DENGAN SIAPA
APA YANG TERJADI
/DIRASAKAN SEBELUMNYA
APA YANG DIRASAKAN SETELAHNYA
HARI/TGL
Kamis 11/09/08
JAM
FREKUENSI
LOKASI
DENGAN SIAPA
APA YANG TERJADI
/DIRASAKAN SEBELUMNYA
APA YANG DIRASAKAN SETELAHNYA
09:00-10:00
1
Kampus, waktu
istirahat
Teman-teman (3 orang)
Merasa bosan
lebih rileks, bisa ngelanjutin ngobrol
10:00 - 11:00
1
Kampus, cabut
kelas di kantin
sendiri
Sambil mengerjakan tugas, susah mikir
Konsentrasi kembali
TOTAL FREK
2