Matakuliah : G1174/Tourism Management and Planning
Tahun
: 2007
Type of Tourism and Its Impact on Economics, Socioculture and Environment
Pertemuan 7-8
Topics
• Types of Tourism
• Tourism Impact on Economics, Socio-culture and Environmental
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Objectives
1.
2.
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To demonstrate the types of tourism activities
To describe the impact of tourism activities on economics, socioculture and environment
Tourism Activities
• As define, tourism is a set of activities taken by tourists on their
holidays
• Activities are taken in many tourist destination around the world
and often serve as the catalyst for tourist visit.
• There are various types of activities:
– Nature based activities, use feature of natural environment
– Cultural based activities, utilize on man’s activities
– Special interest tourism
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Form of Tourism Activities
Resort-based Tourism
• Integrated resort
• Town resort
• Retreat resort
Urban Tourism
Special interest Tourism and
Adventure Tourism
Marine Tourism
• Cruise Ship Tourism
• River and Canal Tourism
Residential Tourism
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Alternatives Form of Tourism
• Village Tourism
• Agro-tourism
• Eco-tourism (nature and urban)
Other Forms
• Camping & Caravan Tourism
• Youth Tourism
• Social Tourism
• Religious Tourism
• Nostalgic Tourism
(WTO:1991)
Tourism
Impact
Demand
Tourist
DESTINATION
CHARACTERISTICS
CHARACTERISTICS
OF THE TOURIST
Duration of Stay
Tourist
Destination
Type of Tourist
Activity
Environmental
Process
Economic
Structure
Pressure
Generation
Level of Usage
Level of Tourist
Satisfaction
Carrying
Capacity
Socio-economic
Characteristic
Political
Organisation
Level of Tourist
Development
Social Structure
and Organisation
IMPACT OF TOURISM
Environmental
Economic
Social
Impact Control
Source:
Mathieson and Wall (1982:15)
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Finance
Management
strategies policy
Information carrying
capacity guidelines
Engineering
Control
Tourism Impact on Economic
•
•
•
•
The direct impact of tourism on GDP
Tourism expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP
The level of tourism employment in the economy
The proportion of international travel-related expenditure as a
percentage of total travel-related expenditure
• Domestic personal expenditure as a percentage of total travel
expenditure
• Domestic business and government expenditure as a percentage of
total expenditure
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The economic impact of tourist spending in an urban area
Tourism expenditure
Income leakage for
supplies, dividends
and taxes
Tertiary
Sector
Income leakage for
supplies, dividends
and taxes
Income leakage for raw
materials, licenses,
dividends and taxes
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Wholesale
businesses
Secondary
sector
Hotel, retail
and service
business
Household
Primary
sector
Income leakage
for outside
purchase and
taxes
Income leakage for
outside machinery,
dividends and taxes
Cost and Benefit
of Tourism on Economics
Benefits
• Contribution on foreign
exchange earnings and
balance of payment
• Generating revenue
• Create job opportunities
• Improve economics’
structure
• Induce entrepreneurships
activities
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Costs
• Risk of overdependence on
tourism sector
• Increasing on inflation and
land value
• Enhance on frequency of
import goods and services
• Seasonal production and low
rate return on investment
• Induce other external costs
E.g.. Displacement and
opportunity cost, etc.
Multiplier Effect of Tourism
Tourist $
DIRECT EFFECTS
Tourism Supplies
Hotel
Restaurant
Local industry
purchases
Local household
purchases
Attraction
Household
income
Savings
Tour operator, etc.
Government
revenue
Import
(leakage)
Import
(leakage)
INDIRECT
All businesses
Local industry
purchases
Local household
purchases
Household
income
Savings
Government
revenue
Import
(leakage)
All businesses
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Import
(leakage)
Tourism and Environment
• The environment, whether it is natural or artificial, is the most
fundamental ingredient of the tourism product.
• As soon as tourism activity takes place, the environment is inevitably
changed or modified either to facilitate tourism or through the
tourism production process.
• There are various relation between tourism and environment:
– Symbiosis: exist, supporting and benefit. Conflict: cost and
negative impacts
• The environment impact associated with tourism development, just
like economic impacts, can be considered in terms of their direct,
indirect and induced effects.
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Positive and negative side of tourism on environment
Positive
• Preservation/ restoration of
ancient monuments, site and
historic buildings
• The creation of national parks
and reefs and beaches
• The maintenance of forest
• Provision of new infrastructure
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Negative
• Physical deterioration
• Degradation and pollution –
water, air and noise
• Disruption of animal habits
• Destruction of vegetation,
habit and ecosystem
• Depletion and Littering
• Traffic congestion
• Salination of fresh ground
water resources
The nature of socio-cultural impacts of Tourism
• The socio-cultural impact of tourism is ‘people impact’
• There are changes in quality of life as tourism requires
– Tourists – Visitors - Guests
– Hosts – Local communities - Residents
– Tourist-host interrelationship
• As a result of the contact between the host population and visitors, there are
direct and indirect socio-culture impacts.
– Demonstration effect
Tourists influence the behavior of host population by their examples.
– Tourist bubble
Tourists are being in their own environment and not in touch with local
community.
– Tourist enclave
Some become marginal men or brokers in the interface between residents
and visitors.
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The social and cultural impact of tourism
Family relation
Collective lifestyle
Safety
level
Individual
behavior
Tourism impact upon
And effect upon
Value
system
Moral
conduct
Creative
expression
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Traditional ceremonies and
community organizations
Index of Tourist Irritation
Euphoria
Apathy
The initial thrill and enthusiasm that comes along with
tourism development results in the fact that the tourist is
made welcome
•The tourist is taken for granted and is now a source of
profit taking
•Contact done on commercial and formal footing
Annoyance
•The industry approaches saturation point
•The hosts are no longer in relation with tourists without
the provision of facilities
Antagonism
•The tourist is now seen as the harbinger of all ills and
being there to be exploited
•Local community are ignorance
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Source: Doxey in Cooper (2004)
Positive and Negative Effect of Tourism on Socio-culture
Positive
• Awareness of other society and
ethnicity
• The development of local culture –
demand on traditional entertainment,
art and music
• Destination image
• Improvement on social status and
lifestyle
• Education, conservation and
preservation
• Cultural exchange and cross cultural
• New experiences and ideas
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Negative
• Degradation of socio-cultural degree
• Conflict on changes
• Commercialization and modification
• Tradional and fine art become ‘junk’
art
• Lost of cultural identity and
originality
• Modesty of socio-culutral
• Hostility debasement
• Change on consumption pattern
• Introduction to gambling,
prostitution, crime, drugs, etc
Conclusion
• It is obvious that tourism as a human activity derive impacts on economic,
environmental and socio-culture of host community.
• The economic impacts of tourism on a host economy is, most of all, positive but
also carries with some negative aspect that usually hidden.
• Environmental impacts are not unique to tourism and tourism receives a
disproportional share of critics for its negative environmental impact, even
though tourism also encourage the environmental sustainability
• The contact between visitors and local residents can be beneficial or detrimental
to the host population depending upon the difference in cultures and the nature of
the contact.
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